# What Happens to Your Brain and Body When You Experience Awe

The core biological response to awe is defined by the profound deactivation of the brain’s default mode network (DMN)—particularly the left middle temporal gyrus—which rapidly dissolves ego-driven, self-referential processing [cite: 1, 2, 3, 4]. Simultaneously, the autonomic nervous system shifts into a unique restorative profile characterized by elevated vagal tone, high heart rate variability (HRV), and suppressed sympathetic arousal, neutralizing systemic pro-inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 [cite: 1, 5, 6, 7, 8]. This dual neurophysiological mechanism compels the brain to suspend rigid cognitive schemas, allowing it to integrate vast, novel information while fundamentally rewiring the organism for enhanced social connection and physiological resilience [cite: 1, 4, 9, 10].

In contemporary society, populations are navigating an unprecedented epidemic of psychological distress, chronic anxiety, and physiological burnout. The unrelenting pace of modern living, coupled with persistent environmental, occupational, and social stressors, keeps the human autonomic nervous system locked in a rigid state of sympathetic hyper-arousal. This persistent "fight-or-flight" activation chronically floods the body with cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokines, eroding cardiovascular integrity, compromising immune function, and accelerating cognitive decline [cite: 11, 12, 13]. For the general reader, the antidote to this modern affliction often seems inaccessible, locked behind complex pharmacological interventions, expensive therapies, or arduous lifestyle overhauls. However, affective neuroscience is increasingly illuminating a profound, built-in biological reset button: the emotion of awe. Far from being a mere aesthetic luxury reserved for those who summit mountains, traverse glaciers, or witness solar eclipses, awe is an accessible, everyday physiological necessity. It functions as a neurological circuit breaker, capable of interrupting toxic cycles of rumination and systemic inflammation [cite: 1, 14]. Understanding how to actively harness this emotion in daily life offers a scientifically validated, immediate pathway to fortify the mind and body against the corrosive effects of contemporary stress.

## What Exactly Happens in the Brain and Body During an Experience of Awe?

To fully comprehend the profound systemic impact of awe, it is necessary to examine the foundational neural architecture that governs human self-perception and environmental processing. Human cognition relies heavily on the Default Mode Network (DMN), a distributed network of interacting brain regions encompassing the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and the precuneus [cite: 2, 15, 16]. The DMN is highly active during states of wakeful rest, mind-wandering, and, most importantly, self-referential thought. It serves as the neurological seat of the "ego" and is the primary engine of rumination—the repetitive, often negative self-reflection that characterizes affective disorders like major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety [cite: 1, 2]. 

Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies conducted between 2023 and 2025 demonstrate that authentic experiences of awe reliably precipitate a massive downregulation of this network [cite: 1, 3, 15]. When individuals are exposed to vast, awe-inspiring stimuli—ranging from expansive natural landscapes to profound conceptual paradigms—fMRI scans reveal a striking shift in cerebral blood flow. Activation significantly decreases in the self-referential hubs of the dmPFC, precuneus, and PCC, while compensatory activation increases in the occipitotemporal areas associated with external attention, sensory processing, and outward focus [cite: 15]. The subjective psychological experience of the "small self"—the pervasive feeling that one's personal concerns, daily anxieties, and egoic drives are insignificant in the grand scheme of a vast universe—is the direct phenomenological correlate of this measurable DMN suppression [cite: 3, 16, 17]. 

To translate this academic mechanism into everyday terms, one can view the human brain through the lens of predictive coding theory. The brain functions as an advanced inference machine, constantly generating top-down predictions about incoming sensory data to maintain psychological stability and conserve metabolic energy [cite: 18, 19]. When the brain encounters stimuli that are too vast, majestic, or complex to be seamlessly assimilated into existing mental models, it experiences a massive prediction error. This error necessitates a cognitive process known as *accommodation*. 

Cognitive accommodation operates precisely like a critical software update for a biological operating system [cite: 20, 21]. Just as a smartphone or computer operating system must temporarily halt its background applications to download and install a critical patch required to process a new, incompatible file format, the human brain must temporarily suspend its existing algorithms to accommodate reality-bending information. During an awe experience, the brain recognizes that its current conceptual software is insufficient to parse the grandeur of the stimulus. It forces a temporary shutdown of the outdated, ego-centric models (DMN deactivation) to safely download, compile, and integrate new operational parameters [cite: 4, 22]. 

Neuroimaging precisely isolates this "software update" mechanism to specific regions within the temporal lobe. Studies indicate that awe experiences reliably deactivate the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) [cite: 2, 4]. Because the left MTG is heavily implicated in matching incoming events to pre-existing cognitive schemas, its sudden deactivation represents a phenomenon termed "schema liberation"—the exact neurological moment the brain drops its rigid preconceptions, allowing for a state of profound open-mindedness, heightened neuroplasticity, and epistemic curiosity [cite: 4, 10, 22]. Furthermore, positive awe rapidly enhances functional connectivity between the MTG and the anterior/posterior cingulate cortex (linked to aesthetic reward processing) and the supramarginal gyrus (implicated in self-other representation) [cite: 4, 23]. This unique functional connectivity binds the newly updated cognitive schema directly to feelings of social connectedness, empathy, and prosociality, hardwiring the individual to feel closer to humanity and nature.

Beyond fMRI, recent advancements leveraging high-density Electroencephalography (EEG) have further mapped the temporal dynamics of this state. A 2025 study recording EEG data while subjects engaged with awe-inducing audiovisual stimuli revealed that awe is reliably associated with decreased alpha and theta spectral power [cite: 9]. In typical cognitive states, high alpha power correlates with inward focus and mental idling, while elevated theta is linked to memory retrieval. Their suppression validates the cessation of internal broadcasting. More profoundly, awe induces a state of heightened neural signal entropy, quantified mathematically as an increase in Lempel Ziv complexity (LZC) [cite: 9]. LZC measures the diversity and unpredictability of neural signal patterns; lower LZC is observed in states of reduced consciousness or cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer's disease [cite: 9]. The surge in LZC during awe indicates a brain expanding its bandwidth, entering a hyper-receptive state to absorb novel stimuli. Strikingly, this increase in cortical complexity correlates directly with simultaneous decreases in sympathetic nervous system activity, proving that awe creates a unique neurophysiological nexus: a brain operating at peak informational entropy housed within a body exhibiting profound autonomic calm [cite: 9].

## How Does Awe Differ Biologically from Fear, Joy, or Surprise?

A pervasive and long-standing misconception in both popular psychology and early affective science is that awe is biologically identical to fear (due to its association with vastness, power, and submission) or merely a synonym for surprise (due to its association with novelty and the unexpected). However, sophisticated psychophysiological profiling utilizing advanced biometric sensors firmly establishes awe as a distinct, independent emotion with a highly unique biological signature [cite: 1, 24]. 

To rigorously differentiate these states, neuroscientists rely on a specific constellation of autonomic biomarkers: Heart Rate (HR), Skin Conductance Level (SCL), and most crucially, Heart Rate Variability (HRV). HRV measures the temporal variation in milliseconds between consecutive heartbeats and serves as the primary index of cardiac vagal tone. It represents the parasympathetic nervous system's ability to maintain homeostasis, apply the "vagal brake," and dynamically regulate the sympathetic "fight-or-flight" response [cite: 6, 8, 25, 26]. High HRV (specifically in high-frequency domains) indicates neurovisceral flexibility, robust emotional regulation, and systemic cardiovascular health, whereas low HRV is an established marker of chronic stress, anxiety, inflammation, and mortality risk [cite: 6, 26, 27, 28].

Fear is an acute, primitive survival response characterized by massive sympathetic nervous system dominance. It bypasses higher-order cortical processing to trigger immediate amygdala activation, resulting in a sharp, sustained spike in heart rate, vastly increased skin conductance (eccrine sweat gland activation), and a severe, dangerous reduction in HRV and vagal tone [cite: 25, 26, 29, 30]. The organism is mobilized entirely for evasion or combat, aggressively shutting down open-mindedness, epistemic curiosity, and any capacity to absorb novel, non-threat-related data. 

Surprise, while sharing awe's element of unexpectedness, is fundamentally an epistemic orienting reflex rather than a profound emotional state. It is highly transient, typically eliciting a brief sympathetic spike (the startle response) and a momentary interruption in heart rate to assess immediate, rapid environmental changes. However, it entirely lacks the prolonged cognitive accommodation, schema liberation, and deep parasympathetic recovery required by awe [cite: 30, 31]. Joy and amusement, conversely, are purely positive, generally low-to-moderate arousal states. While they foster basic parasympathetic relaxation and engage dopaminergic reward pathways, they do not induce the profound dissolution of the self-concept, the DMN suppression, or the complex, mixed physiological arousal patterns seen in awe [cite: 1, 24].

Awe presents a paradoxical, highly complex physiological profile that bridges multiple nervous system responses. Authentic, positive awe acts as a powerful stimulant to the parasympathetic nervous system, drastically elevating vagal tone and HRV, which signals deep physiological safety and primes the body for social engagement and prosocial behavior [cite: 1, 32]. However, awe is not a passive, lethargic state of relaxation; it involves immense cognitive load as the brain actively updates its software schemas. Consequently, awe often features highly specific markers of sympathetic activation, such as piloerection (goosebumps) and pupil dilation, but crucially, it does this *without* the accompanying cardiovascular stress (spiking heart rate) typical of fear [cite: 1, 29]. This precise combination—high parasympathetic vagal tone orchestrating cardiac calm, combined with specific, non-threatening sympathetic arousal driving somatic sensation—makes awe a uniquely transcendent state. It primes the body for stillness and connection while the mind vigorously and actively processes vastness. 

The biological delineation between these distinct emotional states is summarized below:

| Physiological & Neural Marker | Positive Awe | Fear / Threat | Joy / Amusement | Surprise |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Heart Rate (HR)** | Decreased or Stable | Significantly Increased | Mildly Increased or Stable | Brief, Transient Spike |
| **Heart Rate Variability (HRV)** | **Significantly Increased** (High Vagal Tone) | **Significantly Decreased** (Sympathetic Dominance) | Moderately Increased | Momentary Decrease |
| **Skin Conductance (SCL)** | Mixed (Periodic peaks paired with piloerection) | Significantly Increased (Sustained sweating) | Decreased or Stable | Increased (Startle response) |
| **Default Mode Network (DMN)** | **Significantly Decreased** (Schema Liberation) | Increased / Hyper-vigilant | Baseline / Mildly Decreased | Transient Interruption |
| **Core Neurological Driver** | Left MTG deactivation; Occipitotemporal activation | Amygdala activation; Sympathetic mobilization | Dopaminergic pathways; Orbitofrontal cortex | Anterior Cingulate Cortex; Orienting reflex |

*Data synthesized from current psychophysiological, autonomic, and affective neuroscience literature [cite: 1, 3, 6, 25, 26, 27, 29].*

## Is the Biological Experience of Awe Universal or Culturally Variable?

While the neurophysiological capacity to experience awe is an evolutionary, biological universal hardwired into the human nervous system, the specific biological manifestation, frequency, and phenomenological valence of awe are deeply modulated by cultural frameworks. For decades, the psychological definition of awe relied disproportionately on Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) populations. Within Western contexts, awe is almost exclusively conceptualized as a positive, self-transcendent, and highly desirable emotion associated with natural beauty, spiritual growth, and personal enrichment [cite: 17, 24, 33]. However, expanding the scope to geographically diverse, cross-cultural research across the globe reveals significant variations in how the brain and body respond to vast stimuli [cite: 24, 34, 35].

Extensive multigroup factor analyses validating the dispositional awe scale across countries with vast differences in power distance, individualism, and extraversion—specifically, the United States, Iran, Malaysia, and Poland—demonstrated structural invariance in how the emotion is fundamentally categorized [cite: 36]. This proves that awe is globally recognized as an emotion distinct from joy, amusement, or pride [cite: 36]. Yet, the frequency and subjective valence of awe differ drastically. Populations in the United States consistently report the highest baseline frequencies of dispositional awe, framing it as an unequivocally positive daily occurrence. In stark contrast, Iranian and Malaysian populations report significantly lower dispositional frequencies [cite: 36].

More critically, cross-cultural empirical trials utilizing extensive daily diary methods and standardized laboratory inductions (conducted in 2024) have uncovered that in Eastern and non-Western cultures, awe is frequently experienced as a "mixed emotion" heavily tinged with threat and fear [cite: 24, 33]. When comparing participants in the United States to those in China over a two-week period, Chinese participants reported significantly higher levels of fear during naturalistic awe experiences [cite: 24]. This was definitively not a general negativity bias, as their daily experiences of joy did not contain any elevated fear. 

These subjective reports were rigorously corroborated by biological markers. The cultural differences in the awe experience were accompanied by diverging patterns of autonomic activation. Most notably, heart rate remained elevated among Chinese participants experiencing awe—reflecting threat-based arousal—whereas US participants exhibited the traditional heart rate deceleration indicative of parasympathetic dominance [cite: 24]. 

This culturally variable phenomenon is conceptualized in modern affective science as *threat-awe*. Threat-awe is triggered by stimuli that possess vastness and overwhelming power, but explicitly lack benevolence or safety—such as wrathful deities, catastrophic natural disasters, intimidating architecture, or coercive authoritarian charisma [cite: 4, 33]. At a neurobiological level, while positive awe (predominant in Western samples) increases functional connectivity between the left MTG and aesthetic reward centers, threat-awe drastically alters this pathway. During threat-awe, the brain increases functional connectivity between the left MTG and the amygdala [cite: 4, 22]. Consequently, threat-awe fails to produce the health-promoting parasympathetic response (elevated HRV) seen in positive awe. Instead, it triggers sympathetic autonomic arousal, heightened vigilance, and profound feelings of powerlessness [cite: 1, 23]. Therefore, while the *mechanism* of awe (vastness requiring cognitive accommodation) is biologically universal, the *biochemical output* (restorative vagal tone versus threat-based sympathetic arousal) is highly dependent on cultural epistemology, social conditioning, and environmental context.

## What Can Recent Advancements in fMRI and Autonomic Nervous System Research Tell Us About the Awe State?

The explosion of research surrounding awe between 2023 and 2025 has been driven largely by innovations in multimodal neuro-centered experimental design. Historically, eliciting genuine awe in a sterile laboratory environment was exceptionally difficult, leading to muted physiological responses compared to real-world experiences. Today, researchers are circumventing this limitation by integrating high-fidelity Virtual Reality (VR), advanced Electroencephalography (EEG), continuous cardiovascular monitoring, and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). 

A prime example is the ongoing SUBRAIN protocol (2024-2025), a massive multidisciplinary endeavor bringing together bioengineers, psychiatrists, and neuroscientists to decode the neural origin of the sublime [cite: 37, 38]. By immersing subjects in carefully engineered, awe-inducing VR environments while simultaneously recording brain electrical activity (EEG) and probing cortical excitability (via TMS-EEG), researchers can track the exact millisecond the brain abandons its rigid schemas. These studies confirm that VR is highly effective in inducing complex emotions, triggering both the psychological sense of vastness and the precise physiological markers (e.g., increased high-frequency HRV and piloerection) that characterize real-world awe [cite: 29, 39]. 

The clinical applications of these VR awe inductions are already demonstrating remarkable efficacy. In a study involving chronic renal failure (CRF) patients undergoing grueling hemodialysis, the administration of a VR cultural heritage/museum tour (designed to elicit aesthetic awe) resulted in a statistically significant reduction in psychological distress and negative affect compared to conventional therapy alone [cite: 37, 39]. The immersive awe experience effectively hijacked the brain's attention networks, overriding the somatic discomfort and anxiety associated with chronic illness [cite: 37, 39].

Simultaneously, advancements in autonomic nervous system research, particularly the application of machine learning algorithms to massive datasets like WESAD (Wearable Stress and Affect Detection), have refined our understanding of how HRV acts as a biomarker for stress and recovery. Utilizing advanced classifiers like Random Forest and Support Vector Machines (SVM), researchers have identified specific non-linear and time-domain HRV metrics—such as pNN50 (the percentage of successive heartbeat intervals that differ by more than 50 milliseconds) and RMSSD (root mean square of successive differences)—as the dominant predictors of autonomic resilience [cite: 25, 40]. Because authentic awe actively drives up these exact parasympathetic metrics, engaging in awe can be mathematically quantified as a direct, targeted intervention against systemic stress [cite: 1, 40]. Under the neurovisceral integration model, awe exercises the brain-heart axis. It trains the prefrontal cortex to exert top-down inhibitory control over the amygdala, expanding an individual's window of tolerance for stress and complexity [cite: 26, 28, 41].

## How Can We Harness the Science of Awe for Stress and Inflammation? (Micro-Dosing Everyday Awe)

The traditional scientific paradigm viewed awe as an episodic, incredibly rare emotion elicited only by monumental, once-in-a-lifetime events—standing at the precipice of the Grand Canyon, surviving a catastrophic storm, or undergoing profound spiritual epiphanies [cite: 1, 14]. However, this framework is obsolete. Modern psychological interventions and psychiatric research have pivoted toward the immense therapeutic potential of everyday, accessible awe. Groundbreaking clinical trials have demonstrated that deliberately "micro-dosing" moments of awe can fundamentally alter psychological architecture, down-regulate systemic inflammation, and profoundly mitigate chronic clinical conditions.

### The A.W.E. Method: Behavioral Micro-Dosing

Developed by psychotherapist Jake Eagle and pain-management physician Dr. Michael Amster during the intense early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, the A.W.E. Method is a clinically validated, evidence-based protocol for "micro-dosing mindfulness" [cite: 5, 14, 42]. Traditional mindfulness meditation, while undeniably effective for stress reduction, suffers from notoriously low compliance rates; highly stressed or burned-out individuals often lack the time, patience, or executive function required for sustained formal practice [cite: 42]. The A.W.E. Method entirely bypasses this barrier by requiring only 5 to 15 seconds of intentional, focused effort, repeated three to five times a day, making it highly scalable and neurologically potent [cite: 14].

The method is structured around a three-step cognitive reappraisal process designed to manually trigger the brain's awe circuitry [cite: 14, 43]:
1.  **Attention**: The individual directs their full, undivided sensory attention toward something ordinary but inherently valuable, complex, or beautiful in their immediate environment (e.g., the intricate fractal patterns of a houseplant's leaves, the complex mechanical design of a watch, the specific tone of a loved one's laugh).
2.  **Wait**: The individual pauses mindfully. This deliberate delay allows the brain to fully process the vastness, utility, or beauty of the object, intentionally triggering a minor predictive coding error that shifts perspective away from egoic rumination.
3.  **Exhale and Expand**: The individual consciously exhales. The physiological action of a prolonged exhalation is directly linked to stimulating the vagus nerve and enhancing parasympathetic tone. The individual allows the feeling of connectedness and appreciation to expand throughout their awareness.

The clinical data supporting this micro-dosing technique is robust. In longitudinal studies conducted in partnership with the UC Berkeley Greater Good Science Center, involving diverse cohorts of frontline healthcare workers, hospital patients, and community members, participants utilizing the A.W.E. method reported profound, statistically significant reductions in depression, generalized anxiety, loneliness, and burnout [cite: 5, 14]. 

Furthermore, the intervention has proven highly efficacious in mitigating the physiological symptoms of chronic illness. In a 2023 randomized-controlled clinical trial involving patients diagnosed with debilitating Long COVID, subjects who engaged in daily awe interventions demonstrated significant improvements in psychological health compared to the control group. This included a sharp decrease in perceived stress, a reduction in physical pain symptoms, and vastly improved overall well-being, boasting large, statistically robust effect sizes ($d = 0.78–0.96$) [cite: 44, 45]. 

The underlying efficacy of micro-dosing awe is deeply rooted in psychoneuroimmunology. Chronic stress chronically elevates the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to the sustained, toxic overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-$\alpha$) [cite: 1, 11]. Elevated IL-6 is an insidious, systemic biomarker directly associated with clinical depression, autoimmune degradation, cardiovascular disease, and accelerated cellular aging. Among all measured positive emotions (including joy, pride, and amusement), self-reports of awe uniquely and most robustly predict lower baseline levels of IL-6 [cite: 1]. By repeatedly resetting the autonomic nervous system via the 15-second A.W.E. method, individuals actively shed unwanted sympathetic stress. They utilize Hebbian neuroplasticity ("neurons that fire together, wire together") to forge a new, automatic parasympathetic baseline, effectively starving chronic inflammation of its biological fuel [cite: 14].

### Pharmacological Micro-Dosing: Psychedelics and the Biochemistry of Awe

Parallel to behavioral interventions, the cutting-edge of psychiatric and neuroscientific research is heavily investigating the pharmacological induction of awe via the sub-hallucinogenic micro-dosing of classical serotonergic psychedelics, primarily psilocybin (the active compound in "magic mushrooms") and LSD [cite: 11, 46, 47, 48]. 

Modern psychiatry increasingly understands mental health disorders, particularly treatment-resistant depression and PTSD, through the lens of neuroinflammation and the pathological rigidity of neural networks (e.g., an overactive, inflexible DMN). Psilocybin primarily acts as a potent agonist at the serotonin 2A ($5\text{-HT}_{2\text{A}}$) receptor, which is densely expressed in cortical regions controlling emotion, memory, and high-level cognition. Activation of the $5\text{-HT}_{2\text{A}}$ receptor promotes rapid neuroplasticity, enhances dendritic arborization in the prefrontal cortex, and profoundly disrupts the rigid functional connectivity of the DMN. At a neurobiological level, the action of psilocybin is the exact chemical equivalent of an intense, prolonged awe experience [cite: 47, 49]. 

Recent 2024-2025 research indicates that psilocybin micro-dosing operates on a powerful dual pathway to alleviate depression and chronic stress. Psychologically, rigorous field and lab-based studies demonstrate that individuals engaged in psilocybin micro-dosing report dramatically heightened subjective experiences of awe in their daily lives. They exhibit increased absorption in aesthetic stimuli (such as art and nature), a stronger sense of self-transcendence, and greater feelings of unity with their environment compared to placebo groups [cite: 46, 50]. 

Physiologically, these compounds exhibit extraordinarily potent, systemic anti-inflammatory properties that extend far beyond the brain. A landmark 2025 study revealed that psychedelics like psilocybin actively dial down inflammation by altering the behavior of immune cells (specifically monocytes) circulating outside the central nervous system. During periods of severe stress, monocytes rush from the spleen to the meninges (the brain's outer wrapping), dumping inflammatory molecules that exacerbate anxiety and neural damage. Psilocybin administration directly intercepts this process, acting on the immune cells to restore chemical balance and preventing the stress-induced cascade of inflammatory molecules from breaching the brain [cite: 12, 47]. 

Therefore, whether induced behaviorally through intentional, focused attention (the A.W.E. method) or pharmacologically through sub-perceptual serotonergic modulation, the practice of micro-dosing awe effectively dismantles the biological scaffolding of chronic stress. It forces a cognitive software update that extinguishes ego-driven rumination, stimulates the restorative pathways of the vagus nerve, and biochemically insulates the organism against the ravages of systemic inflammation. 

## Bottom Line

The emotion of awe is not merely a fleeting aesthetic luxury, but a vital, evolutionarily conserved psychophysiological mechanism that ensures cognitive flexibility and systemic health. By profoundly deactivating the Default Mode Network and the left middle temporal gyrus, awe orchestrates a biological "software update," compelling the human mind to abandon rigid, ego-centric schemas in favor of vast, external integration. While cultural epistemology dictates whether awe is experienced as a restorative, high-vagal-tone state (predominant in Western populations) or a fear-tinged sympathetic response (observed in Eastern populations), its core utility remains consistent: awe disrupts the status quo. In an era defined by chronic sympathetic burnout, widespread isolation, and runaway neuroinflammation, actively cultivating awe—whether through brief, daily behavioral micro-dosing or structured therapeutic interventions—provides a profound, evidence-based pathway to reduce interleukin-6, extinguish rumination, and fundamentally rewire the human nervous system for resilience, physical recovery, and deep social connection.

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13. [askdrdawn.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFEYux7u_EurItkqC7vTk9gJQBIaWSO_-6yU3iH4VJJ8NQ2l6TCv7WjQXLqIJDVnbm3Qu8tNxIPyRxt-zCgZebTOHiPQ195FlJ8hPu6mxUa7fKQhuBVgdxeIAI=)
14. [medium.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHYW-rVpqM79555-LF8UYAP02O683bmuZootcZEeqbk3zFNVjNNVehuG9hUidinFN4cZ6eAeD51PL6Fmw-B8rH0qGIxyFe3XHFdPuw7zjarVgymOqAaDjWdEY3ChzuS3UEUhFDzyGNW01H4jzE6YJVuRkfni_39BOV3T-tlLXEpohHcVOb5MJE=)
15. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGytMQmc1s8cr3w_TTziR04Dok1MeV4_ww1Zy1A1KdfQeZaiqAiVxzDER3xVaO5sFB3B_z4rScFEJ7ADEwDcJl5MU9phh1vf5Czs3f5BeMY5oC17yMT0mj1MeZkYr6pOBMcvCf4bB8H2w==)
16. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGgmeU2FaXRbxC-XflUalH3uwjTg7Iv-hF7Q_gK88JyG9S8ensjOrT-i3hkCnb0qiMTXtuQcn5Xd9hkADEW4Pz60FrrdDII6SW3a7ntWuiR0Lni7-l14tIZ7tcdHWadzlmxbSEL1iga)
17. [berkeley.edu](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFkxW_Y8XFySoVbgHiyzMP47PpeT5VGW1p67_YuQoQHSMGoUCgsFOc-dr7bC-ZRTTLrG1YtcCjvNkGvf1HyLhF-S855zsjgjSsm0fRDh29_o9zkZ2GzAtN7q9Adwwj4XqSxF3Smo7Mc6jEGq5fLGbYBGibU9rxE1XwtEsObXfimjhQ=)
18. [frontiersin.org](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFioKvNUdFazsnV0jgJTMp9PQW4nkNeooip4BR1gThOMAqCWxvVPZMeT4v85-XfrlE3JE2OGWFS2ys5PtBKdbJwOFoHjxa6Vl1RRZRZEhwPMTmogwGBTsLt-Qdnn2qiPrD1lKdqfpyC9b1xtXTVfJdxKQczJvSMx8mWjdaWxdMNupB4MtFLYrDObRm2PKXV)
19. [medium.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHi5g3sma7FyWzw3pJMpAs4YoKuDjNRauAirBVF6Dqv4cyd8YfsKuX7cDqQmZxF12iAmF0VoYIdAHORvi5StligPWDcfxUssQaySlExDTKCzLCzz3h35B8_fBjrPCH8nsTjLTmrurf_7rJQvdm063JR2_qYQOk_pMUbLF9mwALLUhV6adzvm-l9UkslAp7A1WaHD358YBE9KmAtp4AUJd8m3A==)
20. [arizona.edu](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGz3StTTc8-jlGelzVY0xc-W3AuhNNus5dSgPkhdv5UKjfCWBiZ-EuutC0o3to4be1v6gsqsLMq6CUBiBIxKozHJ1smIoWe0XG6PuxvO3AxzOccujr2qM94-fqYu3A0TeAOgdMHphME8nzNdVyNfskhoEJrzzCL7NxLbt_fjaH0ffTzVO7PqguueAXm7Q6fJTfwz-58vwVp9kxxhaLNwHobruo=)
21. [cag.edu.tr](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQH1AlkrVsqOCqY3yNSJxwcwkPPTS8t9ezLvyQGUUhLh5xBhyp_ADqvQnJK29wZh-XhZrnmvM_EYlJjv_B8-cEO22vcV0i2ZVMX6-AhqbNW3hiHsMBhJSeMHwyrevNxBdVks8LdMQDxJ3d_jrf0w1Ci4mWQcSU4mhjoHj0NGSDfAFGicmknQ8BiaLyF4YYFKexGVrPQ4D3axPAsasklk8oTQ63YYUgWBiaApKn8cX8SJeCvmOo_eAWX-BG1RNTE8dQiTM1GX0UdSUmwrlY0=)
22. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFnQIcujX5Gq5MKe-0T_3SVFS-0XKwBh1EyxehmER5ZQpvHEBzvag4YGGE3X9DCBlrmOxR06WeN5qo61EtPhAMXBCpMsalG9BVofdt1o5SklVD8csiN1ik9b68uACnk5tOxtNMo9jfwDENWhAEL5-lDN8MC9O9ctRockLl4-5LVNPtR5kYM7ZEIhqlFs4RigkIJzl6hb-h_57yTwVewXkbB4bJUUoDCPbNLbKnRBdSaXZuzWB85dkcaK3fJUA==)
23. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQG_9WprpeVh67pv8FSPLiD29yVSOaGi3PtxYrCDdVKI32tFO9EzFNCFAuCQdKsGEgwn2hMGH5sL0wjZK-DNhFzIhx2SEesyx8N-25tVatM4eLRzaQZA3St5Onw8XDY5fICjbQ7kW08VdE4ogk-1bQGpENP-SX9wRiF6Z2lrN3XtU230PpFxVDgGglKSyysCpXcD3TWZUUhWXjXQH804fFB0UayfujB1TfTtHhBNDx1KT6lqupytzYedBt-6WZZqtrS1W11bfA3OR9zFF20JD7M2XmeGNR9sUPwfm_NMHw==)
24. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGo88YkgeCkDpubB43foUsRLy3UTI8COfLpSuuRzcDGBPwmGe4-CsyuKazTS6aaNHOFrvAnsFoEemZduU_NpoU2VNP57sAU4fDybP_KgI206-QSa-bmatiKcnDcB_ubQXTsnlf_42NwbQ==)
25. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFwFYX2nkKZ34_NtYXw0-YEfy1IMs7S5UyTCgbtyo8CutRiISR2e2sThQn-eTJZZPtR5bCjj1ooIVLftOAH9rP3XhWR8dn4XzU_m2fflZkhlS9xPNTT3pmrkU0eNNY3MgWxdJxxfI6t)
26. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHJ4sH1RRWVrqBypl9LFVaGsmurz7AGNcquepOso1CF4tbUuVUtCMrgOlB5JvW8TV-xUKMsbLa05YwAns-4T5E8DoLZaXRC5UtPUKde96XgrTGre3WfnUtoSNX0bqv828dGzALoAcVJ)
27. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHmdl8m86BDWOGFWjOV8pOGiWFYLdv4GaN521FNLDXRLgJkMPK9RdWKWjdI1rVs0vbuJpWcnHQq2CAkVH6RxPmx7IEOqfzCBvWpBI_QcSEypMHLDApu3xlqkufnOW57_oyfPzEuWihPyQ==)
28. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFdcbf-ZHHYwvNKA-nQtUUfXFwJzqGDnvMG_w2UyCpwPFQCKZVSa8Z1XBN8qhOSwPjiTWYNrmVtDMWXDFXGOIPhoJo-vxu1io9wxHh1iQr79r7NHThAJzUjVlq61krmDgas2IUy2nKEclvFav3LjB3S-OWDuk96xpD0nv2Gyqf91tQ7QvLky5IiDtxJf4a2a9JTH3Mnvoq10muLJ1Dnx64-nPNC77MbD37En1mLgqClLGPPRHivp-XzIRCAWuS5YOkuCuGvapJR7OyMbtTob8OWWL1_eYQ=)
29. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFuDcNLRRlbsPxWBKdiFwIHBmBzp9wDVMMIlHzXSk2MOD1OOiZh0-flgbQpzYHPZLhet40iJ0inP3fRc0dYHAe3q0ibDhCn5uSjN9FNcvS2r8TXfANVirTDbhbMeMLY_49jTCH1tGuniw==)
30. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQH-btEHc3ZE-YqEZCUO-vu4uWDjfXwsFMnsp2RGbzdL2hedHpEv3WPJKk9RTaAKKlrDMv8QN-uB-Tw66RKpgzJwn4sWeEgGPjyI_QfUfeM1YjRbdiqWWukHuEu2L3GJy6ON6Ec_xh2Zkm7kFs7fOtdW2PGh1AKDLQX_fbFHcYrYbPmnr7xxfm10FmA7avvC74Q7UZ3eF6orX4mHFaqWZV5Ihw==)
31. [oaskpublishers.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGAsxLSWUDBQv1-GB0tuP103cGbIRGRSa3KPadAOQW6JKtrBnsOcBkLIlT8wPVS_K9VIbHYVY5CbA1RNhhcByGDC4unZrsajFno8AHdgJZ2DZIw2vc0FXOa-j2U77JV6D8r3JkkuvXV1F8_JKHyzDJOw0CUtGruEJG158K0bTx_iVAC_1HMS_ENKdjCFamG0z6Cg1XF4HQCc27Fu2vnuOiM)
32. [mdpi.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEk1XnHqezygi7EOzmKi8KQrZkQWZvEpwJXym5AoJH8zXJE1S41bMBXULGCiRTv1VVUaOqS4dZTKkBtXWD3EjJoBKFv0HFozuwzemLIYoQOKHnp4g1duWxHIv5pa2JQ5w==)
33. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHHCdSKO7DEjSQoAabsYeN6Xg3kqMG32q6ZSz6Gs_QOqonknQAJ88OSsnNTMFCOIOlt0Lb9bP5F7v-Nmmd9u2xbAep40tTTfPyLhdBWSpwUJqJgEIxbdRYNpBt9tFMN1pFMTriSbSwB6zj_ujOWuqNakVnPMFxiWSwT6He9xK7l3bCioWIcav2tT3FbIZ7nyjU14dxMe3vf8xLQDu8AyHCksCC4-9sMA_-DH1G9XuG8jdqw5fie3vOdM0kFjeZI7ESmZDOhgxU9vWKSxOCq)
34. [ube.fr](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQETKudvU7GCPwWr6OhiN0Jc5vexy_yHOsj7BEBjQBulszAhwZukXYpFPBbnkT3jl-2UxNH6iPLsdwjHs-R8kzJ78GHpStVlDYoEk6Vfv_FeRSWIfcTFalNcJTQZlLKQ-YBoX-mkRew3YuQJbzN7IO7hrlwuwg==)
35. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEzkoVmJwUVlC11tZCPv6KgwLQhBRb6q3wZQ1BEPkWPWBdrxDVU56fPNOr9uHq6_CNktbfqlnGy3Od7Tr-lvyfWYbTv5G99YlCrs0EYeOGgXMGph7vUiL94RWXfXW4BRQ91isO4QrVM4w==)
36. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFwt8PDroIMHMwPCjQ3KlcnkqnDQ6SNAxA93EBU5MUBUPYXbf0pOKecR_uYUGhMhQ8jgI03JV2qf__AAh4QpGPZQabVGjhMm3FzRgtF4Fl_EE3BnVeGa6xJvIfg8vxOljUbBaZ_Xq2r7KF5KVAzvIkdZgmKqMzMRZLc0TF_g2bRakcSOtCQ5ecdXPnanNtygumIRJ9-1hAiyNMt1LwJmw4QG12Raa5CEM_sTBLv0Q==)
37. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFqQ_ylvQeGSCj9Xviu4iqxM9QXiF4GxlVyj5Fwbi3L1H-2gGUmFLCjEK78pdQRVVpnM28cToRpCAuovmjtO7xQFhujXJ_g1lCnKxfhGWIF9t6cDAtC3EePy3SVBf54u4vpyfRrRKEoPEukEmetEVV7HBjPkWlSW2Sz3_gb6CbyvLHwsTecKnfMmVuTykZ0rmyqpYMfwkKVzqxV2x7xBvdINKmIjHnv7gjaPPUMcCRnMp1VR-qqB9kz0mqnIkC0izdQjRjwc6fZ1vbLF3rvh22PdmJ4HlR09uaxO25mZOm8m43-u1cG39NGn9qrproDL2KxnIARb0LjALsYHa3EBzxe7-qxacls6wGn)
38. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFGYXDLg6wEMaeWXwxibrGE5du1fXpakALRPcXe6p_bkNkxeLtOqaAyfwsVzk34966L76zTKR4k7YysQxXBIRp_5UidKpwPacV7MiYW_LR-_yqGIBbP5Ba94b2YgOw8VtGA5uFIzBlPWBwn7coyAwCuxfoJK9aRjhzzva4d1prz6xQikPlLRYEzxGtBfgRodwsCTOT1wBFuEEy-31KsTYqnJiRNbuUEmE6jM5eSQYfX4XBUuLDMkWmnUCzek0gJumAJnfF0MhWwGeCd82FdzKMYzt4D-iTL9OMrK86H7xAhpV1ca0yECAcMaU3ylpuXkI50YUVJag0DlpyZNfF8e3lJdQ==)
39. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHZKfLm9GwSgJZx4nSvbiPQU7BFXmEi0kfDc09i8xM6pbq7KxCHHRTk18lPv_hQLtMZvFFv4eeghoAhgfK1jNcu8CwUBd1voTZNP0oD50uTGgtjU0mqrsjtsIa9PF_qB_zURZtmh_j14A==)
40. [k-dense.ai](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFFonaLnTYx97FTnF83UNkeS68M0LEhaXTmeuNOEe-MSLJu2HpXKb04iyj-3h1HczS9-4zucCqqCbuPKwTmvFRCYfB1f79k_RP0tjDxbj4RYdN1r3N-pol3QiF5-dBz9zmwhPgqa1Tboa-MJp3p3l6W9doXv4KQVfm0ndjohe1ZFC8eH116KRdE-MJ2HKHvOqAxFKW7GShVNB41ylGleeXBzJlV4h-hGGpVO2NHiBJo08Twg8c=)
41. [frontiersin.org](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQG-uaE21nURgXCqAe_gw8-sGg3Ls6O6v0kJn-cE1khgaQGZYGuJgZpFF9pL_n78dSgvUD0QgKP6Nu_f8nTzq7U0KW9uyZVBRsSgnWTZPIE8wvq4LgCbayZHH3_GMu4euH-AVsxbRXwuveEM1SVOzaOKhTlS7f9d4f8e1TIuY74OzwWW0ci3hqxnpECF2Q==)
42. [thepowerofawe.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHmdfMFXBv2VF3iMnehx3UXxLsOdguanwjoAj0HtNlAR7WzSPrgcB-NpFGtrI_Q6VeoLTt6cNt5xNoU3wFRIuNEJ4eIRHnfu1pYTFWyZ2IdhkhO_eY2fQ==)
43. [hachettebookgroup.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQETiuhtVS_ttPPrPDNxzbdESq_0Omp0xgM2LGozCAIVd5iZBMkpLydg9X6BMIBk9CS9K1YQ6HuyqxkRkOaTeZTioHbiIRk3RWV_cHshsc34v3WcsBywg3pYP7zXr2WdAI8th2S8G_AFhRrlPkRV0dsy7VrnCBVJVmvnr9nQvsrl1DVJgq1fNUkodvU_Ce9a75faItky_AH2Flgv51k=)
44. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHNzmZWtrNUkX0GEmVPZU6iqPxhxwc9f3dOT4ZcPaO23Onx-HrxzV_Z0deWOGnM9tTGLkpoZ5p90fxafy8qU_jOqEiyUb9oKveq9gVRYAWd8wdfpiE5zvSY4Ukf0fCODd0pKGrzK7zhHQ==)
45. [ucdavis.edu](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQE3YYUHVt2PQisBrQ-ORCq_WrZkRjb2ni4Nf4hEQPkHlIdlcPRNj9qFnlxH8sHkSsUNTkOKhQElImDz33bIQZaLMjv2xMvOh_qqp44AWRx1Is-QUma_ozms3uJc6fTmGws6VFM1y5rDWTesbaC9wBZ1iWRBm9EuIOxD0N4OsPjFxAy60Esv3Mfe1W5pxZtjqVn8tGKo6RAhkDS2dQEN76mBppvikdC3CzXH9ScQFA==)
46. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQG6dIR5cBzyF100ZKrF_nRUoPCvHomAvJ4V2FMfnFazHdp95a1oKqOiPkrp-x067b3LOsitU1EGP_jrHP0OcZbghtQLoe3T2F0hI6jbb1eu_7_3oRNk0sYgqmjYml_-hsfhZAeC1Ub1)
47. [news-medical.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFYKIaN3P7yOxH9f1NSMbyzBd6Zb0TtPRWPZXUeE0NZW9vs3NBxcDfUUw0_akG5BxYEQx8Tkt2_22lyU6OnIB_bj9td9V5D2A5BdTAH_OxwwxcwAVRuW84tfQWxk8NZiqJw4M9GgBiXKYUyVeuOIEBBnhiHDuduRYjOJZLD0jbYAPeMc_UPaB0qAPFXXVHCz8YP3cuYuY_MtCsj8lUf97Wo-Pj_IGVJ1KU6m9N6gdo0H4Q4_qs2WW67TBDq7h6sLg==)
48. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQG5nnqY7V2R7wKC4SgdTB-Voy26OBxawtrABNpP18uHP7gFuxtXsb-49NMKM98ED-Whl83uy9sHrMA8wZT6PkgmoOUih_a1QrDMsVb5uOevUpYF-ExpiA_44ueVZOrUEoWmwjgt7UKLUuY2rTyb5JlJUN3umRpklw7v5RzzFWTF9dwVfGUjHZ-B0ReoxMakZehCfJRUUypFG-RUSGPs5lkk7jsBeTxzHOKmkTnvEErfPEU_RDyenzNzQvQbjscQhmlMGJP4en1TUfheckpFamPDs2MQWd6wvSbBI-Ns)
49. [preprints.org](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGJZcgwMtNSDdJQFBvaZzHDaP51CTHDCdLFUyNxsSi55eA3FDKLCAkrxdZYX6UOvWpgBBMkUZXH57QzAWa_q7Zsjr3tNFANbGF7JLm1jcebv9onyh-pWZvHqrXnJp2EVvcJINuBEuI=)
50. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHze5fUQ2S4NassvYWRNeWafEIWL2p6aEGRCrxpPOQje54NwjP3PMPz7AY9tOEyPDcMaFDS3d5n5uQEGK3XIENmaS50TNEuy8t2SIc6HiWmzk9dcLBlN9MYcyT7XOCYUINYTNppP2zi6dgzRPpIDCRJOByvfjHnNWDz-OtD2lj2y8CmqL-VUXU0A2k85wSbrBEvj9QFNtTiTguO0cazopZak3H1wY9Fk-NsiucjIv1OEynRCHTNHbKKWuip8P_9tbTasE9dJ5XN8FlFctjL32U71VVdK7Ec)