# Is Creatine or Protein Better for Muscle and Cognition

Protein powder provides the essential amino acids required to repair tissue and sustain endurance, functioning as a fundamental structural building block for the human body. Creatine monohydrate acts as an energy buffer that rapidly regenerates cellular fuel, maximizing pure strength and offering significant cognitive protection during acute physiological stress. Both compounds are rigorously proven to be safe and effective, but they serve complementary, rather than interchangeable, physiological roles in optimizing human performance.

## The Biological Baselines of Muscle Metabolism

The fitness and wellness industries frequently market creatine and protein powder as interchangeable muscle-building supplements. However, human physiology treats them entirely differently. Understanding the scientific literature on these two compounds requires separating their foundational biological mechanisms, moving beyond marketing claims to the cellular reality of how the human body utilizes fuel and repairs damage.

Protein is a macronutrient composed of amino acids. When ingested, dietary protein is broken down into these amino acids, which the body uses as literal building blocks to repair micro-tears in muscle fibers caused by resistance training [cite: 1, 2, 3]. This structural repair process, known as muscle protein synthesis (MPS), is primarily regulated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway [cite: 4, 5]. Without adequate dietary protein, the human body remains in a state of negative nitrogen balance. In this state, muscle growth is biologically impossible regardless of how intense or frequent the training stimulus might be, as the body will actively break down existing muscle tissue to access the amino acids it needs for vital organ function [cite: 1, 3, 6]. 

Creatine, conversely, is not a structural building block but an energy buffer. Found naturally in human muscle and brain tissue, creatine is synthesized in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys from three specific amino acids: arginine, glycine, and methionine [cite: 7, 8]. Once synthesized or ingested, it is stored in the body primarily as phosphocreatine (PCr). During high-intensity, short-duration activities—such as lifting a heavy weight, sprinting, or suddenly recovering from a trip—the body relies on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for immediate energy. ATP is rapidly depleted, losing a phosphate molecule and converting to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Phosphocreatine steps in to donate its phosphate group to the ADP, rapidly regenerating ATP and allowing muscles to maintain maximum force for several crucial additional seconds [cite: 5, 8, 9]. 

## The Battle for Physical Performance Outcomes

When analyzing which supplement is superior for physical performance, the scientific literature demonstrates an outcome-specific pattern of efficacy. There is no single "best" supplement; rather, efficacy depends entirely on the specific physiological adaptation an individual is trying to achieve.

### Strength vs. Endurance: A Network Meta-Analysis

Recent network meta-analyses synthesizing dozens of randomized controlled trials have provided unprecedented clarity on how different sports supplements target specific physiological adaptations. A comprehensive 2026 network meta-analysis, incorporating 35 trials and 1,211 trained athletes, directly compared the efficacy of creatine, dietary protein, and omega-3 fatty acids across various athletic outcomes [cite: 10, 11]. 

The analysis revealed that creatine supplementation demonstrates vastly superior effects for enhancing maximal muscle strength. It yielded a standardized mean difference (SMD) of 0.46, ranking it significantly higher than protein for pure force generation [cite: 10, 11]. Because creatine amplifies the phosphocreatine energy system, athletes can perform more repetitions at a given weight before reaching failure. This increased work capacity subsequently drives greater mechanical tension on the muscle fibers, which is the primary driver of long-term strength adaptations and hypertrophic growth [cite: 5, 9]. 

Protein supplementation, however, proved to be the most effective intervention for endurance performance, yielding an SMD of 0.28 and outperforming creatine in this specific domain [cite: 10].

[image delta #1, 0 bytes]

 While creatine provides short bursts of anaerobic energy, protein supports mitochondrial biogenesis, aids in the resynthesis of glycogen (stored carbohydrates), and protects existing muscle mass from being cannibalized during prolonged, extensive cardiovascular training [cite: 10, 12]. 



### The Plant-Based vs. Animal-Based Protein Debate

For decades, animal-based proteins (such as whey and casein derived from dairy) were considered universally superior to plant-based proteins (such as soy, pea, and brown rice) for muscle hypertrophy. This assumption was based on amino acid profiles; animal proteins generally possess a higher concentration of essential amino acids, particularly leucine [cite: 6, 13]. Leucine is highly prized in sports nutrition because it acts as the primary metabolic trigger that switches on the mTOR pathway, initiating muscle protein synthesis [cite: 1]. 

However, recent extensive research has challenged this traditional hierarchy, suggesting that the source of protein matters far less than the total daily volume consumed. A rigorous 2026 meta-analysis pooled data from 18 randomized controlled trials involving 1,893 participants to evaluate the long-term effects of different protein sources [cite: 14]. The trials typically involved supplementing with 25 to 40 grams of protein daily over periods ranging from 6 to 12 months. 

The analysis found absolutely no clear differences in muscle mass, raw strength, or physical function changes between plant-based and animal-based protein sources over the long term [cite: 14]. The scientific consensus now indicates that as long as the total daily protein intake is sufficient to meet an individual's physiological demands, and a variety of amino acids are present in the overall diet, the specific source of the supplemental protein becomes largely irrelevant for building muscle and strength [cite: 14]. 

To summarize how these two supplements operate on a fundamental level, the following comparison outlines their biological roles, optimal applications, and standard protocols.

| Feature | Creatine Monohydrate | Dietary Protein Powder |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Primary Mechanism** | ATP regeneration via the phosphocreatine system [cite: 8, 9]. | Muscle protein synthesis via the mTOR pathway [cite: 1, 4]. |
| **Optimal Application** | High-intensity, short-duration strength and power output [cite: 5, 9]. | Tissue repair, cardiovascular endurance, and overall hypertrophy [cite: 1, 10]. |
| **Storage in the Body** | Skeletal muscle (90-95%) and brain tissue [cite: 8]. | Not stored; utilized immediately for repair or converted to energy/fat. |
| **Source Dependency** | Exclusively found in animal products; vegan supplements are lab-synthesized [cite: 15]. | Found in both animal (dairy/meat) and plant (legumes/grains) sources [cite: 14]. |
| **Standard Dosing** | 3–5 grams daily, regardless of workout schedule [cite: 9]. | 20–40 grams per serving, ideally distributed throughout the day [cite: 1, 12]. |

## The Neurological Frontier: Fueling the Brain

While protein's physiological benefits remain heavily localized to skeletal muscle and overall metabolic maintenance, creatine has increasingly become a subject of intense neurological research. The human brain accounts for approximately 2% of total body mass, yet it consumes a staggering 20% of the body's total daily energy expenditure [cite: 16, 17]. 

This massive energetic demand means the brain relies heavily on the phosphocreatine system to rapidly regenerate ATP during periods of high cognitive stress, oxygen deprivation, or complex problem-solving [cite: 17].

### Prefrontal Cortex Function and Memory

When brain creatine levels drop—whether due to natural aging, severe psychological stress, sleep deprivation, or meat-restrictive dietary patterns—cognitive performance predictably declines [cite: 16]. Supplementing with creatine monohydrate has been clinically shown to increase brain creatine content by 3% to 10%, effectively increasing the brain's energetic buffer against depletion [cite: 17]. 

A substantial body of research indicates that optimizing brain creatine levels can improve short-term memory, processing speed, and executive function [cite: 16, 18]. The benefits appear to be most pronounced in cognitive tasks that rely heavily on the prefrontal cortex. This is the brain region responsible for higher-order functioning, including strategic planning, complex decision-making, movement planning, and emotional self-control [cite: 17, 19].

### The Meta-Analysis Statistical Controversy

Despite these promising neurochemical mechanisms, the clinical evidence for creatine's cognitive benefits in healthy, well-rested adults has recently been the subject of intense methodological debate among statisticians. 

In 2023 and 2024, meta-analyses published by researchers Prokopidis et al. and Xu et al. concluded that creatine supplementation had significant, broad positive effects on memory across healthy adult populations [cite: 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. However, subsequent statistical critiques from independent watchdogs highlighted a critical "unit-of-analysis error" embedded deeply in both of these studies [cite: 20, 22]. 

The original authors had effectively "double-counted" non-independent outcomes. Several of the included clinical trials had participants perform multiple, slightly different memory tests. Instead of averaging these scores, the meta-analyses treated each test result as if it came from a completely separate human being [cite: 20, 22]. This statistical practice violates the fundamental assumption of independent observations, artificially inflating the sample sizes and statistical power, leading to an increased risk of false-positive findings [cite: 20, 22]. 

When the data was re-analyzed using appropriate multilevel statistical models, the overall effect of creatine on memory in young, healthy, unstressed populations lost its statistical significance [cite: 20]. Consequently, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) determined in a 2024 scientific opinion that definitive conclusions regarding general cognitive enhancement could not be drawn from that specific pooled data [cite: 20]. 

However, this statistical correction did not invalidate creatine's cognitive role entirely. The re-analysis confirmed that creatine retains a highly statistically significant benefit for memory specifically in older adults [cite: 20, 23]. Older adults naturally experience age-related declines in brain bioenergetics and cellular mitochondrial efficiency, making the supplemental energy buffer provided by creatine highly impactful.

### Cognitive Resilience During Sleep Deprivation

Where creatine undeniably shines for cognition across all age groups is under conditions of acute metabolic stress, most notably during sleep deprivation. Extended wakefulness imposes a severe energetic burden on neural tissue, lowering brain creatine levels, impairing mitochondrial efficiency, and reducing ATP availability. This cascade directly contributes to the cognitive fatigue, impaired executive function, and diminished vigilance experienced after a poor night of sleep [cite: 17, 19, 25].

A rigorous, double-blind 2024 study conducted by researchers at Forschungszentrum Jülich tested this exact stress mechanism. Participants were subjected to 21 to 24 hours of total sleep deprivation [cite: 19, 25, 26]. Those who received a single high dose of creatine (0.35 g/kg of body weight) demonstrated significantly less decline in processing capacity, short-term memory, balance, and reaction time compared to the placebo group [cite: 18, 19, 25, 26]. 

Brain imaging, utilizing magnetic resonance spectroscopy, confirmed the underlying mechanism: the creatine group successfully sustained normal phosphocreatine and ATP levels in their brains despite severe sleep deprivation, whereas the placebo group's energy levels plummeted [cite: 18, 25]. Furthermore, blood analysis showed that while both groups experienced the normal stress responses of elevated cortisol and dopamine from staying awake, those taking creatine experienced stabilized moods and far less subjective fatigue [cite: 18, 19]. This indicates that the cognitive protection came directly from the brain having more physical energy available to handle the stress, rather than an artificial dampening of stress hormones [cite: 19].

## The Muscle-Brain Axis and Aging

The intricate interaction between skeletal muscle health and neurological function—termed the "muscle-brain axis"—represents one of the most promising frontiers in modern aging research. As humans age, they face progressive, often debilitating declines in both neuromuscular and cognitive functions, culminating in conditions like sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss) and various forms of neurodegeneration [cite: 27, 28, 29]. 

Combining creatine supplementation and adequate dietary protein intake with regular resistance exercise exerts profound effects on this physiological axis. Skeletal muscle is not merely tissue for locomotion; it acts as a massive endocrine organ [cite: 5]. When muscles contract forcefully during exercise, they produce and secrete signaling proteins into the bloodstream known as myokines [cite: 5]. 

These myokines—which include irisin, cathepsin B, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)—facilitate direct communication between the muscles and the central nervous system. Crucially, they can cross the blood-brain barrier [cite: 5]. Once inside the brain, they induce the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF is a critical neurotrophin responsible for the formation and maintenance of neural synapses, neuronal proliferation, and long-term memory consolidation [cite: 5].

[image delta #2, 0 bytes]





Creatine facilitates this process by buffering ATP, allowing older adults to perform resistance training with sufficient intensity and volume to trigger this vital myokine release [cite: 4, 5]. Furthermore, clinical trials indicate that supplementing with creatine and whey protein concurrently, when paired with structured resistance training, significantly increases lean body mass, bone mineral density, and submaximal strength in older populations, particularly postmenopausal women and men over the age of 50 [cite: 7, 27, 30]. 

A 2026 narrative review of the muscle-brain axis confirmed that this combined protocol of targeted nutrition and exercise yields modest but consistent improvements in processing speed and executive function, reinforcing the neuroprotective nature of maintaining skeletal muscle as we age [cite: 28, 29]. Put simply, preserving muscle strength through proper protein and creatine intake directly preserves the brain's structural integrity.

## Female Physiology and the Menstrual Cycle

Historically, sports science and nutritional research have disproportionately focused on healthy, college-aged male populations [cite: 9, 31]. However, emerging data reveals that female physiology reacts uniquely to both exercise stress and creatine supplementation, primarily due to the profound hormonal fluctuations that occur across the menstrual cycle.

Biologically, females naturally possess 70% to 80% lower endogenous creatine stores than males. This discrepancy exists partly due to lower average skeletal muscle mass and partly because females, on average, consume significantly lower amounts of dietary creatine from red meat and seafood [cite: 32, 33]. This naturally lower baseline suggests a particularly strong potential for supplementation benefits in active women [cite: 9, 32, 33].

Recent clinical focus, including a 2024 randomized double-blind study by the University of North Carolina, has investigated creatine's specific impact across different menstrual phases [cite: 31, 32, 34]. During the luteal phase (the high-hormone phase occurring after ovulation and preceding menstruation), both estrogen and progesterone levels rise significantly. Elevated progesterone alters how the body utilizes metabolic fuel and increases core body temperature. These physiological shifts frequently lead to heightened subjective fatigue, longer recovery times, and noticeable performance decrements in active women [cite: 31]. 

The study set out to determine if creatine could offset this hormone-induced fatigue. Researchers found that a creatine loading protocol significantly improved fatigue resistance specifically during this high-hormone luteal phase [cite: 31, 34]. While generalized heart rate variability and raw peak sprint power did not drastically change, the women in the creatine group showed a highly notable 5.8% improvement in their fatigue index compared to the placebo group [cite: 31, 34]. This allowed them to maintain their exercise performance and push through workouts when hormonal shifts would typically cause a significant dip in power [cite: 31]. 

Despite these cycle-specific findings, practitioners generally do not suggest "cycling" creatine based on the menstrual calendar. Continuous, daily supplementation is universally recommended to ensure stable energy metabolism and avoid complicating nutritional adherence with hormonal tracking [cite: 9]. For post-menopausal women, daily creatine combined with resistance training has been shown to support bone health by elevating tension at muscle attachment sites to the bones, which could have long-term implications for reducing the risk of osteoporosis and dangerous falls [cite: 7, 30, 35].

## The Plant-Based Paradigm: Fulfilling the Creatine Gap

For individuals adhering to plant-based diets, the physiological differences and applications of creatine and protein are particularly pronounced. While it is entirely possible to meet comprehensive daily protein requirements through well-planned vegan diets utilizing soy, pea, hemp, or rice protein blends, achieving optimal creatine levels through plants is biologically impossible [cite: 14, 15].

In nature, creatine is found almost exclusively in the skeletal muscle of animals—meat, fish, and poultry. Plants contain virtually zero creatine [cite: 8, 15]. Consequently, vegetarians and vegans exist in a state of chronic, low-level creatine depletion. Their intramuscular and brain creatine stores are consistently and significantly lower compared to omnivores [cite: 9, 15]. This lower baseline is not classified as a dangerous medical deficiency, but it does represent a massive physiological performance gap [cite: 15].

Because of this depressed baseline, plant-based populations experience a profound "super-compensation" effect when introduced to creatine supplementation [cite: 15, 36]. Studies consistently demonstrate that upon starting a standard creatine protocol, vegans and vegetarians experience far greater relative increases in lean tissue mass, muscular strength, anaerobic endurance, and memory performance compared to omnivorous peers, whose baseline tissue stores are already partially saturated from a meat-inclusive diet [cite: 8, 36]. 

Fortunately for plant-based athletes, dietary ethics do not have to be compromised. All modern, commercially available creatine monohydrate is synthesized chemically in laboratories from base compounds like sarcosine and cyanamide. It contains zero animal by-products and is 100% vegan-friendly, making it a crucial, ethical tool for closing the nutritional gap inherent in plant-based lifestyles [cite: 9, 15, 36]. 

## Debunking Pervasive Dietary Myths

Despite decades of rigorous scientific study proving the exceptional safety of both protein powder and creatine, persistent myths continue to deter usage. These misconceptions frequently dominate gym culture and internet forums, but they wither under clinical scrutiny.

### The Hair Loss Fallacy

The rumor that creatine causes baldness stems almost entirely from a single, deeply flawed study published in 2009 involving just 20 rugby players. The study reported that a creatine loading phase increased levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), an androgen hormone clinically associated with male pattern baldness [cite: 37, 38]. 

This single finding sparked widespread panic, yet subsequent, extensive clinical trials over the last fifteen years have repeatedly failed to replicate these findings [cite: 38, 39]. When researchers re-examined the original 2009 study, critical flaws were discovered. First, the study did not actually measure hair loss; it only measured blood DHT levels. Second, the baseline DHT levels of the creatine group were unusually low to begin with, meaning the reported "increase" simply brought their hormone levels back up into a normal, healthy range [cite: 37, 38]. A comprehensive 2021 review by the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) concluded unequivocally that current, robust scientific evidence does not support the claim that creatine causes hair loss, nor does it significantly alter total testosterone or free testosterone levels [cite: 38, 39]. 

### The Kidney Damage Misunderstanding

The fear that high-protein diets or creatine supplementation destroys the kidneys is rooted in a fundamental public misunderstanding of clinical blood panels. When human muscles break down creatine for energy, they produce a normal metabolic waste byproduct called creatinine. This creatinine is routinely filtered out of the bloodstream by the kidneys and excreted in urine [cite: 38, 39]. 

In a standard medical setting, evaluating a sedentary patient, elevated serum creatinine levels can indicate failing kidneys that are struggling to filter waste. However, when a healthy individual supplements with creatine, or carries a large amount of muscle mass, their blood creatinine levels will naturally rise simply because there is more overall creatine being processed by the body [cite: 38, 39, 40, 41]. This is a harmless physiological response to the supplement, not a sign of organ failure. It effectively creates a "false positive" on standard renal panels [cite: 37, 38, 39]. 

The ISSN, alongside numerous longitudinal clinical studies tracking athletes for up to five years, has confirmed that taking up to 30 grams of creatine daily has absolutely zero detrimental effects on kidney or liver function in healthy individuals [cite: 37, 38, 41, 42]. (It is standard medical advice that individuals with pre-existing, diagnosed renal disease should consult a physician before significantly altering amino acid or creatine intake, as their filtration systems are already compromised) [cite: 38, 41]. 

### Legislative Battles and Age Restrictions

Recently, this misinformation has moved from internet forums to state legislatures. Several U.S. states, including New York, have introduced or passed bills attempting to restrict the sale of dietary supplements, explicitly including creatine, to minors under the age of 18 [cite: 43, 44, 45]. Lawmakers cite concerns about eating disorders and the misclassification of creatine as a dangerous performance-enhancing drug [cite: 43, 44].

The global scientific community has pushed back fiercely against this legislation. In 2025, leading researchers and members of the ISSN issued a joint letter condemning these bills as politically motivated and entirely devoid of scientific merit [cite: 43, 44, 45]. The ISSN noted that creatine is essential for promoting normal energy metabolism, healthy growth, and neurological maturation in children and adolescents. They pointed out that low dietary creatine intake in youth is associated with slower growth and less muscle mass, and that zero clinical adverse events have ever been reported in pediatric clinical trials using creatine [cite: 43, 44]. The scientific consensus remains that restricting access to creatine based on unfounded fears may actually harm adolescent athletes, particularly by denying them a supplement known to offer neuroprotection against contact sport concussions [cite: 42, 43].

## Optimal Dosing and Timing Strategies

To extract the maximum biological benefit from these supplements, adherence to evidence-based dosing protocols is required. Taking them sporadically or at incorrect dosages limits their physiological impact.

### How to Dose Protein

To maximize muscle protein synthesis, the total daily volume of protein consumed matters far more than the precise minute-by-minute timing of a post-workout shake. The "anabolic window" is much larger than previously believed [cite: 1, 3]. 

The ISSN strongly recommends an overall daily protein intake in the range of 1.4 to 2.0 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight for most active, exercising individuals [cite: 1, 2, 3]. Higher intakes (up to 3.0 g/kg) may be beneficial for resistance-trained individuals operating in a caloric deficit who want to maximize fat loss while preserving lean mass [cite: 1]. 

Because the human body does not store protein for future use in the same way it stores fat or carbohydrates, protein intake should ideally be evenly distributed throughout waking hours. Consuming an absolute dose of 20 to 40 grams of high-quality protein every three to four hours ensures that blood amino acid levels remain consistently elevated. This provides a continuous stimulus for muscle repair and actively mitigates muscle breakdown [cite: 1, 2, 12].

### How to Dose Creatine

Creatine dosing operates on a completely different principle. Because it is not a building block used immediately for repair, its timing around a workout is largely irrelevant. Creatine's effects are cumulative, relying entirely on the saturation of muscle and brain tissue over weeks of consistent intake [cite: 9]. 

The standard, proven protocol is to consume 3 to 5 grams of plain creatine monohydrate daily, at any time of day [cite: 9, 37]. Some athletes utilize a "loading phase" of 20 grams per day for the first 5 to 7 days to saturate muscle stores more quickly [cite: 9]. This rapid saturation can be beneficial if an individual needs immediate results—such as combating acute sleep deprivation or preparing for an athletic event just days away. However, it is not strictly necessary. Over a 30-day period, a steady maintenance dose of 3 to 5 grams daily will achieve the exact same maximum tissue saturation as a harsh loading protocol, often with fewer gastrointestinal side effects [cite: 9]. 

Furthermore, there is no physiological reason to "cycle" on and off creatine. The body does not build a tolerance to it that requires a reset. Continuous, daily use for over five years has been rigorously studied and proven completely safe, yielding sustained benefits for both physical strength and cognitive resilience [cite: 37, 42, 46]. Plain creatine monohydrate remains the most extensively studied and cost-effective form; alternative formulations like creatine ethyl ester or buffered creatine offer no proven physiological advantages and merely increase the cost to the consumer [cite: 9, 46].

## Bottom line

The scientific literature resoundingly supports the use of both protein powder and creatine monohydrate, confirming they are arguably the most effective and safe supplements available to the general public. However, they serve distinct, complementary purposes. Protein provides the structural amino acids required to repair tissue and sustain long-term endurance, while creatine acts as a profound cellular energy buffer that amplifies pure maximal strength, preserves short-term memory during severe sleep deprivation, and combats physical fatigue. While decades of data confirm the safety of both compounds for healthy individuals, ongoing clinical research continues to reveal how utilizing these supplements together can effectively optimize the muscle-brain axis, serving as a powerful intervention against age-related physical and cognitive decline.

## Sources

1. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37432300/)
2. [mdpi.com](https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/6/909)
3. [scilit.com](https://www.scilit.com/publications/c4d20ccbcbcd7364a01c91b721747bca)
4. [researchgate.net](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/391674367_Muscle_Mass_and_Fat_Reduction_Do_Creatine_and_Whey_Protein_Supplementation_Improve_Fitness_and_Strength_in_Older_Males)
5. [ouci.dntb.gov.ua](https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/7XaQOBR3/)
6. [yourhealthier.com](https://yourhealthier.com/blogs/blog/creatine-brain-health)
7. [pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13105953/)
8. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39070254/)
9. [maxfit.ee](https://maxfit.ee/en/blog/news-creatine-cognitive-benefits-2026)
10. [frontiersin.org](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1424972/full)
11. [icns.es](https://www.icns.es/en/news/creatine_improves_cognitive_performance_fatigue_sleep_deprivation)
12. [creatineforhealth.com](https://creatineforhealth.com/creatine-the-brain-fuel-you-need-when-sleep-deprived/)
13. [drkumardiscovery.com](https://drkumardiscovery.com/posts/effect-creatine-supplementation-sleep-deprivation-mild/)
14. [academia.edu](https://www.academia.edu/3071-4087/2/2/10.20935/AcadNeurosci8345)
15. [fz-juelich.de](https://www.fz-juelich.de/en/news/archive/press-release/2024/creatine-improves-cognitive-performance-during-sleep-deprivation)
16. [elementaledgehealth.com](https://www.elementaledgehealth.com/blogs/the-edge-journal/is-creatine-safe-debunking-myths-about-kidneys-hair-loss-and-aging)
17. [jinfiniti.com](https://www.jinfiniti.com/creatine-myths/)
18. [transparentlabs.com](https://www.transparentlabs.com/blogs/all/debunking-creatine-myths)
19. [youtube.com](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eiovYC3pX_Q)
20. [youtube.com](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBRBrtM-Tyg)
21. [examine.com](https://examine.com/research-feed/study/9KVnA0/)
22. [foodandnutritionresearch.net](https://foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/9003)
23. [pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7926405/)
24. [pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12862422/)
25. [semanticscholar.org](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Animal-Protein-versus-Plant-Protein-in-Supporting-A-Lim-Pan/801f9c9042ce291be14bba89d8e1e54a56ee8c75)
26. [pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6090881/)
27. [nutraingredients.com](https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2025/02/17/leading-creatine-researchers-and-issn-members-call-on-policymakers-and-health-agencies-to-not-restrict-access/)
28. [vitaminretailer.com](https://vitaminretailer.com/issn-says-creatine-is-safe-and-beneficial-criticizes-age-restriction-bills/)
29. [wholefoodsmagazine.com](https://www.wholefoodsmagazine.com/articles/17527-kreider-on-creatine-issns-response-to-supplement-legislation)
30. [semanticscholar.org](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/International-Society-of-Sports-Nutrition-position-Kreider-Kalman/06e5bc2c0dc4412d8eec64ce934a8eef2b5800f2)
31. [pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12506341/)
32. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40971619/)
33. [mdpi.com](https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/1/95)
34. [researchgate.net](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/396319477_Impact_of_creatine_supplementation_and_exercise_training_in_older_adults_a_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis)
35. [tandfonline.com](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15502783.2025.2502094)
36. [examine.com](https://examine.com/research-feed/study/9KVnA0/)
37. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39070254/)
38. [mdpi.com](https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/6/909)
39. [elementaledgehealth.com](https://www.elementaledgehealth.com/blogs/the-edge-journal/is-creatine-safe-debunking-myths-about-kidneys-hair-loss-and-aging)
40. [pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12506341/)
41. [beyondgoodfoods.com](https://beyondgoodfoods.com/blogs/blog/how-creatine-fights-fatigue-for-plant-based-lifestyles)
42. [mdpi.com](https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/1/95)
43. [pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7246861/)
44. [plantbasedhealthprofessionals.com](https://plantbasedhealthprofessionals.com/should-you-be-worried-about-creatine-on-a-plant-based-diet)
45. [pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12832544/)
46. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41601887/)
47. [researchgate.net](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/399684181_Creatine_supplementation_and_exercise_in_aging_a_narrative_review_of_the_muscle-brain_axis_and_its_impact_on_cognitive_and_physical_health)
48. [frontiersin.org](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1687719/abstract)
49. [frontiersin.org](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1579204/full)
50. [nutraingredients.com](https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2023/08/22/creatine-loading-boosts-fatigue-resistance-during-menstrual-cycle/)
51. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39796530/)
52. [drkumardiscovery.com](https://drkumardiscovery.com/posts/effects-creatine-monohydrate-loading-exercise-recovery/)
53. [examine.com](https://examine.com/research-feed/study/dBw7k1/)
54. [mecfsatlas.com](https://www.mecfsatlas.com/evidence/gutirrez-helln-2024-creatine-supplementation)
55. [researchgate.net](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/403686953_Commentary_The_effects_of_creatine_supplementation_on_cognitive_function_in_adults_a_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis)
56. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36644917/)
57. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36644912/)
58. [livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk](https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3164644/)
59. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35984306/)
60. [transformationcookbook.com](https://www.transformationcookbook.com/siteassets/issn-Position-Stand-Protein-2017.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
61. [pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5596471/)
62. [exerciseandsportnutritionlab.com](https://exerciseandsportnutritionlab.com/issn-position-stand-essential-amino-acids/)
63. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28642676/)
64. [researchgate.net](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5937310_International_Society_of_Sports_Nutrition_Position_Stand_Protein_and_Exercise)
65. [pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13105953/)
66. [frontiersin.org](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1579204/full)
67. [mdpi.com](https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/1/95)

**Sources:**
1. [transformationcookbook.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGUNx0-5WJ5euAghD4L9bCOjvsG9JXH3MWHfq3gh2iQ2V905SlnHdhgscDVAf1GpB2uKfw9fA76qopq_DBRp-ZE8tRPX7glOl2-C_kpXJyiWcA_DCXFSQ1LI_FeVOE7aI7NPcj8oZ4Nv0N0HpECx4JbqQxBCc8yNu1ngAuiuYGKwKuA0kwoFWNoV37-JqHriCtS6GgDAx-ThkZr6jJTK3y9ktii)
2. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFSFSNukc8Hhp8YnSV-6kzoPn7eMHPg4_HvX83IYYPQot9BR2oxcNLummeQgMq2Xc5EdMsEjYo1pvT5YpwJiLjhS4CWoNVUu8hITGneP0_q7VJu-mjHmVpRBgE2Wf3Xzg==)
3. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFUzxN_J5V2ykZfxIjjzQeRS-Gv-PcXcmhC4afQ_hSMPu7fc_yHoCa-Y3PQrtgOHTi5eur9BIPFy-sfdtTF33kCkbGmjHushPErphsm7NvO8zIIbjs1ggxt1VDJ7kP9ZFj_kaoD2QNZ4jwv9KhdaqCoTUZlKcCWjCbIMbFsEMyArdd1EBACYiSVKi1OsROpJ0a0-OzkLbAv4oPbnHXLFLmEeRhD2aurhHQUcfKuVIOvbEyZebk=)
4. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQG0OyrxtUi-ECDRnADexBcXjL3lykpyYrVzVTZ93neqGjPTw4nDNl5J7GLTSNbwV4j3BA-mixWjJQnfeY1C2mlMRvPMrIZ3j71YEhfRYsF13To6c5tR6iboIiMvYjFSmhZKQ8xK6bmfc0l77QckwKf80fJC_420stE1SeKDWuMhUoUWdNLHh5yuXJz5rsgtUxDiLxV-VdGXxVYi1D6b9Y6DlOwWLyEM8RsoK1tfQld7zDlWO7gUoPmwDn_oVGmwZ-G5ow_gnpMir8fIXq4KlZZ1vKY4PCrWX-OdTNGeNxBaDbaEY4BXDalAuPcmrISH8CrtMttu)
5. [Link](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFkHBbrxMD0-Gs1-W5_MYeAar3XF3jUH_xCniarLgchAlg7NWhKWvZ67cG-r0nnHOoL4wBr0P5AODlgvoZbaHz65xTlILbspFyJquGvg6d4LpJ_1-azZaZ0IW-PEx_5pWsxL0Cu1GHeR7pErlv0QXQkmfvBSrERTF59sN-PMPurM4Xyyw69MniGEBw7Ug==)
6. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFqoGQ0bSQMlMCjT6-pv_GJmDOSbaDpPk9k-Kf67pKTCl2WVYiYel2P9XcYeHdqtTOSGuIm4m6j0xtJMVSfkqj4Mwujg2GJtiC6_BlnAzhd0467x3VslpmfVNjT1xh-oS2GM4wwCKTz)
7. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEo8OSHyG9LhSxdh6ypRPU3p4ZiCWw61Vm0_pEsmCpiqSzQmvZZB5CEW7y6C5BjW1CcwDl6Be6TzshtaxccWt7L014Cxf_rqDxOISLS9f-oHwSJqY5_mM-15KmdY8TmT6-sJnlet07fWA==)
8. [plantbasedhealthprofessionals.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEA5CbaLed1DQRmJkNyGz4rOTd5hGkrqMCYE5YZcTL30CHfZnalHCo-JP-liGvh8KJVB9wjbpEze4UoK6Fkmt4J4DT1LZHLU02RF-ZXYilFKPwiqwefDMgo1es94TKaENCibbJ1KoJPZReafPVwfF7YXVzTba0LGPsk1DWzVOzZpN0iUu47-s-2MAkCmB0YLuEhlU4AMivwdGO_)
9. [mdpi.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQH6CzzuZL9iLXSH9yDT2yjFeMIili6Q_ps7C4BiMgDw2OXKFrlQ-cpe4LgIfxIzbZbMqLx7FCgqt_RVoE8AKOKLBejhEapdjz2Rlvr3mYvVQrwQLguLSQx2zbnreQ==)
10. [mdpi.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFrv1jUBIXIhDPaK15p6EANJ4dAx-tMZRXWn-6xN2eegZexnW7HZRMjAxf7HGykSLRI1Ffnf5yVfledpkaUFItWm75hBGrPi1OIyXy_RTv2RZ-TNbU0Jp7eAPNnhgg=)
11. [scilit.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQECep8EZ6ltgkSqlCKdp6TiIJbYmdr4pPXcIZBbmZUkuBE_LDIyxkSxaR25KctCuKuwLYusnH1NLEOVdCdV0JcCp-UTeSXiUHjePSDRbd5rhJVblcjm7ky3HkAgHM2KrBSF2jiTgY2y6-IpkqMH8mfJPx5yiHvUaVAQAQ==)
12. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEv8RNcy5gAw0An6EEftMQiK3vjqcED_ImXhQiQE9vSexeaIolLVcQbbpbRMBi86JEPIgxnZJgyfuZE3V0o8gDS5Knk3KSsQHLCr5TZ6KGTW2A-KF3AIQmVEqJlcTAvJ-O3gSIKii39)
13. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEMpL6Om42hW_2YkhSn8Vg2VVc_Req5HTmg1HQM_YvB9UfYLITRy0nMWZd0sClDnsGU9nskOtqCxeWqDS0m76drM47ZxvlgpffLH30hkXgzzJrkHzTcYsq9x-N_Jh2H4r9QEeFU3JZJig==)
14. [examine.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGUMxKYCvnWYxu42TiMBQgEyMhBoqIrfsnomS-RnNoEdFVw00pt4d1RIXDe4bX2g1vOfJQP4iNp_kDh0_xb49etnZwwg6riLXA_YIVhvXu_F82JXbBGTB_n7GNwP-cA7K_0fRj00Q==)
15. [beyondgoodfoods.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFbCFUJRRNoQ3HgAQd21_ACU_zTHk8vvlHoRHhmLwz-PvZW_-tUwaLAqXmbSSoasdFpaK68nvbjjFaoyxzEIKJ-YahNi8kRmiw0qlyn4IZFSgYF40McMB5_gO1nVsYcDWydD1axmG3ClB5AVj1WaV2p3RHLxcWm_6k0wFYvKwb8L0EvSVgOyshVYNXqXeOPu-eVDxc=)
16. [yourhealthier.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQF0ktWz24KPVT-ePZbHO3KWr4ydG938lvfoZoCX4vRJl_IR_kvxcA4aiM60zSsT8l6f_SARYkf2PTzR3zCT3Dcer3LQwcFQ_jCPsHTVk9vSmCEc6ygACN0Oe6HSsv-MXwx4gRemIcRJPYv_FvBNWQ-h)
17. [academia.edu](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEmLogONpO7eL7bTUzQ8JPQ3V2ojJkO9ZnSaB1S2pfkqMvAp5QKpeysv1O8wbEI9Sy_FX0C6MbApremjJkki2mC3n9usQ_1IAa_dWQ_HNqQSaDoCo5W5GJebxXvLX5fHQE-jNlfkB90b28UlqCUlhG3pTViMXn6)
18. [icns.es](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHnqmt3baz-sZhuBugkWWtFwYtpWRxrAn_kDl3jCZSdUYaX44N4rUGAv2qIcwerKnjFmnd3AE5SfXNVc3fUO1IiBB-SrBCt29qiacKAlVDnofBmUMEEjVj3n2fp_AJADQC3NTGmr0BmA-JjA_Ra42Nxd_wUpSFKDBCXblTgbX8-0xxpOU4ZDSb0KDiHX2ZQPtGN8EY=)
19. [drkumardiscovery.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQG8C6b_AAa5ZNnRjdiIu6yd9EKCNxcOxRyhjNPyOOSSbEHAu7LAhWHK7Yg-GgyomlITDrRci25GTJMJxaRvUXTU0y1oMLWxOvNjjvxN4qJSZJiUHV1KKhWQgL1-eot3YGmLtRKMEAdyydJjtIGOMt2xS9e2KkpMzLf4al_Y-S88Hdixt0wY195mmOadbH7cyJE=)
20. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFi_rUF380eugVNLcePceGoye3S4nb-9aFSUJ1L9OmYUMWwWCP9MGfucQ4wrNCzNY33mLOUGSnZBIJNKK-AyCT_l8lmHxniwU37ssoV5o80GRwj48MA0sUR1IAqw9SSjhaEQHCZCLelWQ==)
21. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEIyv67dI5Vr_pnXSofJEDvca-dBwRXSEDW-6GAWBhMJ-oCvCPN91vc9rwK9mFd2NiHKVm1ri9jvqdBNsDfsLU8M38KSAeqMATh7nXas6Ra8t9REQX5IqxXeE1-5Tsfcg==)
22. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFx2Se0qle5H8zkh_6_ztpcowsh--XJaIBYIti7lVUXOYkh6gEZ2TcHsRiLHOLMF3TFHlLSzYKKW0GSASZ-gmNH9UsnBKrPgznq_uE-tJGLSfeq17sktPOJX-R-QPJdQtY01MaNYt7m9RUBEzBeDCkPa8XbpXapuS1GHI47uV6aWmxd2tPcaQsi2Zlt1DX5TVCUj9loPEmPx3PAWhVjv7RfbLkTKLrQ_TAs534LQEKK77H9OgdS6pC6R6OkWwnv_igizvmeYMy2Trjf78DB_st74vV-osQrfw9_SMgJR78LlJQu)
23. [liverpool.ac.uk](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGHXS75FVBxFwaQUIWsdnFDyRoNz_gX5QCR5IWK2WgrKniYCK3RTaMofOFxz9huONr9HscD4YB4nhxQUBlbWIgNc0BZFmIDVSLm4Vr8DdYUrXvjsg4y84gcQ_KgNZU3AJzMzQ4u)
24. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQH1EXLpyXQqQMdxavsSE6wxndFOhlRavHSZIowmDNyVTp-oPxY8NxB69iQlbA-8hDC2quJVZPkh7YOop7uiiQ_BEnaZUrrUpCbUnYAjVioIVf0W51aJkWzQPuQ6VMjpow==)
25. [creatineforhealth.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQE0z1vTogOu0DTvbVGPyAdl4BbGaua9U0Z11MfbpPdYa4xzCcM9rlSs6Yq152bCi-DNP8CYU9Q28Wdg5xk4XfVJEEC0uCeSfgerj1swyaX5ciVK_vO99KeDkfcwKUVQi_K2YtQ_-F7PynxtRMPm_p6979xfgMfpO2Vg3-ux0JZ_fFdccRul0czSag==)
26. [fz-juelich.de](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHUD0K9KUhkuSQEhqn_HuFumd-6dDv9L1fbIAMOzIkks7XVgMN1ThoGZYhRl0a26euXzE0h0D2JjGOaKZLnNe7cQ7y0UCHucoa4y5iWMrJG6pJxNCkrmxibTcBA5spk4csVPSHuKAcuJ5DGOB7B6WUe8tl1nKVkNZ3Q7I36nYXhXmj2_2AxFdN9ScFkooKcc7QBcac3VGaHNtZi5ArGNLRe7m5Fq9pokPKBbDAtplFihiN7Bw==)
27. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQERQCl9OVpAHvh1N0Ukff0zvqs2fN7ApWBElao_cdeelZWeHwKDiO2BN7-tbR-c_asOzEGdnNpMFK8xnXy1C8JYgxZ7WiEY7zs4SoRyHrkZfNVb8EhIuZxG5Uo56Uk3KPvml-R9c7bXb7hjIMe62SCyAIx-lQFwvifsH-Oogyw29GO8KXqt3pUw5Hhk9Ny3lbIwun7Ab_mZ9zVe6aJPMYvwIuhbCPNDD0D6ilK_3voNlTARoyAU0_VoMYXiHwXRlEDA_N_8_KGmIXMCmNw4js-UADplK-DWUbHtd0SffARkMQ==)
28. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEAKm7ROufwWJVwsY9_tCqbysHiQie_0TS4HK7eYZhXGv2QOiM_O8LYknycxZV_M3aaqzsdvNOB8RA9MOucYeOdQb-qiJ-PBHFm7SHwhdbaF4QfyKjkUIA200AwlreQ2hZz2t2adp1Bkw==)
29. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHbDdS9GrLm6L6QqpUY4UKvJb5UuRMX8lSgWVs9i5EQ-wjEFZefI1byUHg5s3iESu0B31ptEWku6Cb85vRPTEHd-VwWE2qnH52AZpl1MAfV8OLXSjzjbHHzBA0MfBywDQ==)
30. [tandfonline.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQF141DNaMBurXim0Q710U5TtUaTTCB2K8XuyX7MQxybZ0puE6a1WGC7IdTVqf0Bhax4alekaBMV-BcUB2lVVJ0GHzlxI1KA-YT4xFBUXefYLm5_Q4-fMW8PYhjsP6fxqIw3h01ydLRNniaIQOGoGKm65IrqptwUZkE=)
31. [drkumardiscovery.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEXZ5m2DnGlYdIhyaQ9Ii5TGmWWtnXUYcfhfl62C7fPNYbo2JTsjla-Lwlyb6jfgKwYOGkO2UUOZt0the7ybrRj0dz4uhl7RmfkX0S4lmwIbHCXjYAiiXR8zt8cKH9t9_s3b1TJA2md5YEAPO4suBPAEGJ2qf3kqXa7vYvcQtZ_J_E9Hf6MzbbdCgUWxL6roEs=)
32. [nutraingredients.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQH8NJz8lvF_PqYKVfsWB4G6mBCxyzgnWRkA10MY1ppc3RITuapCREpPz_TKVg7-W9-1HakCtY0eS9pPhAfpZYY2-aI23E5tzKV0JP8fC-CbhjLAIsHSJ0yfkjlX7htqLsBcxzj078Jl8M9NDXT4zWbcmlXJAxPuAMRnUfb2kRp-KjCZMDalKSx-Ie9IhIa3PMVqCpX8VIqkMU5eD4cjk51dTl-j-d_2P3M8xN3z)
33. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFqU8cFl6jChq4zYk4c-eSn5nGQnrxXb-Vsded-WPdn1h4p1TlNLa3lCte9xdYEa7u80I_Mf65EeTD76PMcvewj0N6AOGdUK02ssjTABID4IcOaV4uETQNw5GXJyj0FKA==)
34. [examine.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHM_N1LsYnVLJCR6QkajUeHThF-HpF1XiljB0HV2huZvhJLGikAMTxm1-VcxFE1ecFPi9BsDrxA9LbQ8KAbreBuL31xvr-nFbfN5nIkZG3D2iBZGRtI1toayp5hwfBqbXq1DBa1_A==)
35. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGqquScfKQYXZ-V-AWv4i3O1jYetVtTziWXMAzYx8rnKVWCUm03l2OSwk9p5goIhzEA63JnU3U7LMkFUzEByjiSR6Xrtxc5sRLKOo7o8dAp2RdTFi9WSx-xvbfHL8cC_LA3pUNgkSGwsbwJilKdJCzhuxUnAPjpso14ee-yJT-LECTmnrpExuFdPGY_e59f9dwsNki189F2-pAxTFWg-cHoe62IZw91Maclk0DS5AB9aJgh6DzJcf8E1KuDrEpqbiNfmHiiEIgmC5rKwzJQa_ZWDt8VR0J3bu4=)
36. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGRAHA5ewIGhFqBfUYi61vmRWN5-Cr0SHjTM3V5upW1ZV00BBAajG6esQ062kZFw3ZWC9dpUTiUIR-qCJ2_Zi30BaBumfztLiY0WSz6CGsyH9_AlRMG2wS3DrBpGA0lrqKG2tkc7sxN)
37. [jinfiniti.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHiqGD05_aq58nx72UdTp9rQAs-VmLN6JhT_sbj4H9y__bDsrupmYjspln1tUezo3jWLygYht7RcVt3P-kZUoVq7V6QjSsw3DSS1ZH0wOsjqc-0t3VlzDJ0g2D1HqvFww==)
38. [Link](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQErJj6o9q8bU5FAF0zdGFjQJcLhE4_cALyhI65kEiOqHW3PY2VlpdS9XEi7sf3hCJWkPnZzH41slBZa9Sha84iro3bRu1vMIp-hP4xMnMb1Khk0SUg0qA8cHrINfTOhQsZ3NkN_8Q_lhxXpJrklAXiyLJfYlwQ0GdrOeLl_56wGXGnr7XHVk3vytd25agZPfkk01AV9iBt-fyBfK2MEcBvT3jpTKQ6735Ez3uZAYBlAoF3x1Q==)
39. [transparentlabs.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHCogPP00XpcFjbg76GmXj632AV-8KHKCMdtaEIGKc-RUaep8Sa-ImW0WR3SrwzRX7L-DXnxqMeqsDzxQZQq3INAmzh8JbqrLMBLhY-otfN5tIu-TWPYAUqIMvzdUx9CbMnk0fwp66ihF7bjxQJE3_bt1ZPXLw60yk=)
40. [youtube.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQH_IYN2jMfRJcy8LEdnc53mb6zqyTkN1XXJ4-PXNnjCrNia2Q56WLHkfMnuULjc7P0FhSCsDiclbCANDh9Lxfltqal3wNRNSCvG_4VcvXB9h9oXx2AdHmYywl1bQfkP5x2Y)
41. [youtube.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEeppZtjeILPGLHQPesKjHqq_RDlA6zQxE680lZyOT0ViUKi_GrKPfb1QeKZFOWuDjr92pz7UjBnT9hv19-D5wvoICwK-32WctGirA9-DVU_97bFBkIP_-YtD6ZE4Y4bvVj)
42. [semanticscholar.org](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHBSR9ci6bwFcZ2KjgPOKmd_bzFX2VUFKfEPfxZ1RDD0kOv93TWb7Wgi4_gC6ofb6tqnvOydXlKildujg8sLEhywI-ZpB6S3l9XtE2UhhXR6jK22kk18KjXHeWySlYDjV1grLebBkNG0FH8sL7t-hI_SI_6-njjqjrbsfwYNObHkC-M7anuvXADQ7xVVUyQn7XHFzGUlqeLnukY9-BCA6MJ4wzd9yRuH_1r9tMVBei2O28TZNnzagJm8Pm_urejAtJnVv6dJ9ZM)
43. [nutraingredients.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQH77oZgUw83mxkINp-c_DQe5zHgpD_JtlqdjNSVsd7NKI9jK0wLsLQ6g9xgss2L7rLHr2QvyrowdR-leDAya_tektfnTlnqPpRa5PIeqsUzD_SgeI4ms4QY0O-48S9EKleuC91EucuDyNzoFbYV7pDlXu45Jyrut-sjCaFWx9vbUcGSjpxJpjHdCiX8OE2X2bta3t_2jWIgRA2yHnV-es9mF0ynYRHAakczDeihiBQ0OSSpDKf7Zj74mk7tzqjdNkcGum111vBXS8RKmpVkf-bo2E4IjXn25g_h)
44. [vitaminretailer.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQG2LAVXEI-RWyJGVhqNVpw85qYdQgSjnsCvRSRJm5axHkcs1eYq0qpp1UaqyDgi6SOHrM_EzNEfmnX3l19i3dhDcM83WQ1IO7egdCaFdZ_qqDsQF7MkSVXe_polcsYGLA8lHRacKfqj3vkOWhhRDXqf3YB2ZCcnGIxExnuvBsibimMS95YewYML7jZL3d0Ci0JlVd9ZwO3bJ56e8I9S)
45. [wholefoodsmagazine.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEq1IqycDy0SM9h9kFwxe20qzgu77xvpu9F5upYg1q1T-GvJEcM77HRBUoq0z8FDZVZIFzPp2AM9NMp0JFDRqD_FuRlgIhT7ANRdMCS6-f2_Cgc_q8ia_JvuiSl3Ke7Elrh8FagYieNQ7__SMuOsogikI9ACbaSEmzYIVlEOyfsLktrthfCbEmKdELSMnZdVB8q_T7zRpJu1Cq7vJ1Dr1hOKfYEhA==)
46. [maxfit.ee](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGcCAeWdtj19AFpKST0Q_BWbCTAP68mOCCK8zu4Iu2zP4-IDvbMaK1udz-h_unNgwr-78jkLPIuFUFWo_pT0oPsF9ti5F5Mk6vI9EI524S-uKO_twtowVFtHgly3ZlSpayaTBNr9dhD892Cg5eREZnI7lJKnEk=)