# Does Online or In-Person Connection Help Loneliness More

While online connections offer valuable support for marginalized groups and help maintain distant ties, face-to-face interaction is fundamentally necessary to combat loneliness effectively. In-person socializing triggers biological responses like neural synchrony and stress reduction that screens simply cannot replicate. Consequently, public health experts now recommend a "social diet" that prioritizes physical gatherings and synchronous voice calls over passive social media scrolling to truly nourish our mental and physical health.

## The Scope of the Modern Loneliness Epidemic

The twenty-first century has introduced an unprecedented paradox into the human experience: we are simultaneously more connected by digital technology than at any other point in history, yet we are living through an accelerating epidemic of isolation. The scale of this crisis is staggering. According to a landmark 2025 report by the World Health Organization (WHO) Commission on Social Connection, one in six people worldwide is affected by loneliness [cite: 1, 2, 3]. The WHO links this profound social disconnection to more than 871,000 deaths annually—amounting to roughly 100 deaths every hour [cite: 1, 4, 5]. 

In the United States, the statistics are equally alarming. The U.S. Surgeon General, Dr. Vivek Murthy, issued a stark advisory warning that approximately half of American adults experience measurable levels of loneliness [cite: 6, 7, 8]. The physiological toll of this isolation is severe. Lacking adequate social connection increases the risk of premature death by up to 29%, a mortality impact comparable to smoking up to 15 cigarettes a day [cite: 6, 9, 10]. Furthermore, chronic social disconnection increases the risk of developing heart disease by 29%, stroke by 32%, and dementia among older adults by 50% [cite: 4, 9, 11]. 

This "friendship recession" has been building for decades. Data from the American Time Use Survey reveals that the average time Americans spend with friends face-to-face decreased from 60 minutes per day in 2003 to a mere 34 minutes in 2019 [cite: 8, 12]. The COVID-19 pandemic severely compounded these trends. While isolation levels naturally spiked during global lockdowns, post-pandemic recovery has been incomplete. A massive global analysis of over 2.4 million participants across 159 countries between 2009 and 2024 revealed that social isolation increased significantly in 2020 and has remained elevated, showing no evidence of returning to a pre-pandemic baseline [cite: 13]. 

Specifically, older adults have fundamentally altered their daily routines. Research from the University of Colorado Boulder involving nearly 7,000 adults over age 55 indicates that 59% still spend more time at home than they did before the pandemic, while 75% dine out less frequently, citing shifted habits and lingering anxieties [cite: 14]. However, this crisis is not limited to aging populations; in fact, the highest rates of loneliness globally are reported among youth. Between 17% and 21% of individuals aged 13 to 29 report feeling lonely, with the sharpest spikes among teenagers [cite: 1, 3, 15].

## The Biology of Being Together: Why Face-to-Face Wins

When assessing what mitigates loneliness most effectively, public health researchers draw a critical distinction between the *structure* of a social network (how many people you know) and its *function* (how much you can rely on them in a crisis) [cite: 16, 17]. Face-to-face interactions uniquely fulfill both structural and functional needs while providing a third, strictly biological component: physiological co-regulation.

Simply having a large network of friends or feeling subjectively connected through digital means is rarely enough to optimize physical health; humans need to physically share space with their peers on a regular basis [cite: 12]. A recent comprehensive study analyzing data from nearly 13,000 volunteers demonstrated that having face-to-face contact with friends at least once a week is a powerful predictor of better physical and mental well-being [cite: 12]. Conversely, data collected from a gerontological study in Japan showed that older men who spent very little time with their friends in person—seeing them less than a few times a year—had a 30% higher mortality risk than those who maintained frequent physical contact [cite: 12].

### What Is Neural Synchrony?

The benefits of physical proximity are deeply rooted in human neurobiology. When individuals spend time together face-to-face, their physiological states begin to align—a phenomenon known as neural synchrony [cite: 12]. Electroencephalography (EEG) readings of two people engaging in in-person conversation show that the neural activity in their brains fluctuates up and down together. This synchronized brain activity is linked to enhanced face-processing ability, better communication, and a heightened capacity for empathy, kindness, and cooperation [cite: 12, 18]. 

A recent study led by an international research consortium out of the University of Montreal compared brain electrical patterns during direct, in-person interactions versus interactions mediated by remote technology. The study found that face-to-face interactions elicited nine significant cross-brain links between the frontal and temporal areas of the brain [cite: 19]. By contrast, remote video communications elicited only one [cite: 19].

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 In practical terms, human brains are wired to "sync up" intricately when physically together, allowing individuals to effortlessly process nuanced social cues, body language, and shared environmental context [cite: 19, 20].



### Physical Touch and Immune Function

Furthermore, physical interaction enables friendly, platonic touch—such as handshakes, hugs, or a reassuring hand on the shoulder. Skin-to-skin contact profoundly improves the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the body's primary stress pathway [cite: 12]. Regular physical touch lowers the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are molecules deeply implicated in the development of chronic conditions like diabetes and heart disease [cite: 12]. 

These biological reactions translate directly into measurable health outcomes. Friendly touch can act as a powerful painkiller for patients undergoing painful medical procedures or managing chronic diseases like Parkinson's [cite: 12]. Moreover, one study conducted during the coronavirus pandemic analyzed blood samples from 142 adults and found that meeting friends in person actually improved the functioning of genes linked to the immune system—a benefit that simply did not materialize for participants who exclusively interacted with their friends online [cite: 12].

## The Digital Hierarchy: Not All Screens Are Equal

If in-person interaction is the undisputed gold standard for alleviating loneliness, how do the various digital alternatives rank? Studies suggest a clear hierarchy in remote communication, and the findings often contradict public intuition regarding which technologies work best.

### Why Video Calls Cause Fatigue

During the COVID-19 pandemic, video conferencing platforms like Zoom, Teams, and FaceTime became the default substitutes for physical connection. However, research into the neuroscience of digital communication shows that neural signaling during online video exchanges is substantially suppressed compared to face-to-face conversations [cite: 18]. 

Video calls often fail to produce meaningful inter-brain synchrony [cite: 19]. The lack of true eye contact—because cameras and screens are offset, making it impossible to look into someone's eyes while simultaneously looking at the camera—creates an unnatural social environment [cite: 18]. Without the natural synchronization of timing, tone, and shared physical presence, participants must exert intense conscious energy to interpret messages and facial expressions [cite: 20]. 

Another major factor that reduces connection during video calls is the "self-view" feature. Seeing one's own image continuously on screen leads individuals to evaluate themselves critically, significantly lowering overall satisfaction with the interaction [cite: 20]. This high cognitive load, combined with the lack of biological co-regulation, explains the widespread phenomenon of "Zoom fatigue," leaving participants feeling drained rather than emotionally nourished [cite: 19, 21].

### The Unexpected Power of the Telephone

Many adults actively avoid phone calls, assuming they will be awkward, intrusive, or excessively time-consuming, opting to send text messages or emails instead. However, behavioral scientists have found these assumptions to be largely incorrect.

In a study by the University of Texas at Austin, 200 participants were asked to predict what it would be like to reconnect with an old friend via email versus a phone call. Participants intuited that a phone call would make them feel more connected, but they overwhelmingly preferred to email because they expected the call to be too awkward [cite: 22]. When they were randomly assigned to actually complete the interaction, the phone call went much better than anticipated. Participants who spoke on the phone reported forming a significantly stronger emotional bond than those who typed, and crucially, they did not feel any more awkward [cite: 22].

Surprisingly, voice-only calls are highly effective at reducing loneliness and stress, often rivaling the emotional benefits of face-to-face interaction [cite: 21]. The human voice carries subtle emotional cadences, tone, and pacing that foster genuine intimacy [cite: 22]. Unlike video calls, phone calls free individuals from the performative anxiety of being on camera and the cognitive burden of maintaining artificial eye contact [cite: 20, 21]. A national survey of 2,000 adults during the early months of the pandemic found that individuals who kept in touch primarily over the phone reported lower levels of stress and loneliness than those who relied on newer, visual tools like Zoom or heavy social media usage [cite: 21].

### Comparing Modalities of Connection

To understand the nuanced impact of different socializing methods, we can categorize them based on their cognitive demands, their ability to trigger biological synchrony, and their proven effects on loneliness.

| Communication Modality | Biological/Neural Synchrony | Cognitive Load | Impact on Loneliness & Stress |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **In-Person Meeting** | High (Synchronized brain waves, oxytocin release via touch) | Low (Natural, subconscious processing of nonverbal cues) | Strongest reduction in loneliness and stress; improves immune gene function [cite: 12]. |
| **Voice / Phone Call** | Moderate (Vocal modulation effectively carries empathy) | Low (Allows for physical mobility; removes visual performance anxiety) | Significant reduction; highly effective for deep emotional bonding [cite: 21, 22]. |
| **Video Call** | Minimal (Suppressed neural signaling; offset eye contact) | High (Self-view monitoring; "Zoom fatigue"; audio lag) | Moderate reduction; better than text, but mentally draining over time [cite: 18, 19, 20]. |
| **Direct Messaging (Text/Email)** | None | Medium (High risk of misinterpretation without tone) | Neutral to mixed; often fails to create deep bonds or alleviate acute isolation [cite: 22, 23]. |
| **Passive Social Media Use** | None | Low (Mindless consumption and scrolling) | Strongest *increase* in loneliness, social isolation, and depressive symptoms [cite: 24, 25, 26]. |

## The Social Media Paradox: Active vs. Passive Use

Social media presents the most complex variable in the modern loneliness equation. Platforms explicitly designed to connect humanity often leave users feeling profoundly isolated. In late 2024, the European Commission's Joint Research Centre examined social media patterns across Europe and observed that when it comes to loneliness, it is not simply the *amount* of time spent on social platforms that matters, but *how* that time is spent [cite: 25, 26].

### The "Social Snacking" Trap

Behavioral scientists and psychologists frequently draw an analogy between passive social media scrolling and eating junk food—a phenomenon termed "social snacking" [cite: 26, 27]. Passive social media use involves scrolling through feeds, viewing curated photos, and watching stories without engaging in meaningful two-way communication or content creation [cite: 24, 26, 28].

Just as junk food provides empty calories that leave a person bloated yet malnourished, passive scrolling provides the visual cues of human interaction without the emotional nourishment. The human brain processes the faces, stories, and updates as a social experience, but because there is no reciprocal engagement or neurological co-regulation, the user experiences a strange combination of social satiation and genuine emptiness [cite: 26, 27]. 

Passive use is consistently linked to negative mental health outcomes [cite: 24, 28, 29]. It fuels relentless social comparison. Users constantly contrast their unfiltered, everyday realities with the highly curated, idealized highlights of others' lives [cite: 24, 30, 31]. This "upward contrast" breeds feelings of inadequacy, envy, and dissatisfaction [cite: 24, 31]. For individuals already struggling with low self-esteem, social anxiety, or existing isolation, passive consumption acts as an accelerant, significantly amplifying feelings of stress and loneliness [cite: 24]. Furthermore, the constant stream of diverse content contributes to information overload and cognitive fatigue, draining mental resources that could otherwise be used for real connection [cite: 24].

### Is Active Use the Cure?

If passive use is the root of the problem, is active use—commenting, posting, joining groups, and messaging—the solution? The evidence here is fiercely debated in the literature. 

Some empirical reviews indicate that active use is generally associated with improved mental health outcomes [cite: 24, 29, 32]. Active engagement can provide access to online communities, facilitate self-expression, and offer a degree of validation that acts as a buffer against isolation [cite: 24, 33]. For instance, a study published in *Telematics and Informatics* found that "networked friendship quality"—when users feel real camaraderie and actively joke with friends online—can increase self-esteem and lead to reductions in loneliness, even for adults in their 50s and 60s [cite: 33].

However, deeper longitudinal research paints a more concerning picture. A sweeping nine-year study titled "The Epidemic of Loneliness" tracked the habits of users and found that *both* passive and active social media use were ultimately associated with increased feelings of loneliness over time [cite: 34, 35]. While posting and engaging with others is ostensibly more proactive than lurking, the digital exchanges on these platforms are often shallow, brief, and performative [cite: 27, 30]. Interacting with hundreds of people online through "likes" and brief comments does not guarantee having a single reliable confidant when in real distress [cite: 27, 30, 36]. A 2020 study revealed that around 50% of teenagers felt their digital friendships were significantly less meaningful than their personal, in-person relationships [cite: 36].

Furthermore, researchers note a cyclical dilemma regarding causality: Does social media use cause loneliness, or do lonely people systematically seek out social media to self-soothe? Evidence suggests a continuous feedback loop [cite: 34, 37, 38]. Lonely individuals retreat to digital platforms to address their feelings of disconnection, but the superficial nature of these platforms ultimately fails to fulfill deep social needs, leaving them more isolated than before they logged on [cite: 34, 37, 38]. A study by Oregon State University involving adults ages 30 to 70 found that individuals in the upper 25% of social media usage frequency were more than twice as likely to experience severe loneliness compared to lighter users, holding true regardless of age, gender, or employment status [cite: 38, 39].

## Are Online Friendships "Real" Friendships?

Despite the clear pitfalls of hyper-connectivity and social media, millions of people maintain rich, strictly online friendships. Can a relationship with someone you have never met face-to-face provide the same psychological buffer against loneliness as a physical neighbor?

For marginalized communities, the answer is often yes; online friendships serve as vital lifelines. LGBTQ+ youth, neurodivergent individuals, and those with rare chronic illnesses frequently face geographical, cultural, or social barriers to finding understanding peers in their immediate physical surroundings [cite: 17, 23, 40]. For these populations, the internet provides unparalleled access to validation, shared understanding, and a sense of belonging that may be completely absent offline [cite: 23, 40, 41]. 

Furthermore, the digital screen offers a layer of psychological safety. People with severe social anxiety may find it exponentially easier to communicate online, where they can exert more control over their self-presentation, edit their thoughts, and pace their responses without the real-time pressure of face-to-face interaction [cite: 23, 41]. In specific online subcultures, such as multiplayer gaming communities, online friendships can be profoundly deep. One study found that for heavily invested gamers, their online friendships were often rated as significantly higher quality than their offline friendships, showcasing high levels of trust and self-disclosure [cite: 42, 43].

However, when measuring overall happiness and friendship quality in the broader general population, face-to-face friendships usually outrank digital ones. A 2021 study comparing face-to-face friendships with online gaming friendships found that face-to-face relationships scored significantly higher on standardized metrics of intimacy, reliability, emotional security, and helpfulness [cite: 43, 44]. The absence of nonverbal cues and the ability to easily "mask" one's true self online can limit the authenticity of digital friendships [cite: 41, 45]. Without the shared vulnerability of physical presence, online relationships can sometimes remain safely guarded, preventing the deep emotional co-regulation that true intimacy requires [cite: 27, 45].

### The Illusion of AI Companions

The human pursuit of digital connection has recently evolved beyond chatting with strangers into forming relationships with Artificial Intelligence. Chatbots and AI companions are increasingly marketed as a modern "cure for loneliness," offering non-judgmental, on-demand conversation that never sleeps [cite: 46, 47]. 

However, technology and society experts, such as MIT professor Sherry Turkle, warn that these programs offer only "simulated empathy" [cite: 46]. While humans may feel temporarily comforted by an AI that never argues, never gets bored, and never disappoints, this artificial intimacy removes the necessary friction of genuine human relationships [cite: 46]. True friendships are demanding and messy; they require empathy, vulnerability, and reciprocity—capacities built by navigating the attachments and losses of real life [cite: 46]. 

By conditioning individuals to seek companionship without the emotional demands of a reciprocal relationship, AI companions risk degrading our tolerance for actual human connection. Rather than sustainably curing loneliness, they simply "digitize" it, ultimately deepening societal isolation by making users less willing to engage with the complex, rewarding reality of their human peers [cite: 46, 47].

## How Culture and Geography Shape Isolation

Loneliness is not a uniform global experience; it is heavily mediated by socioeconomic factors and deep-seated cultural frameworks. 



The WHO Commission on Social Connection notes that approximately 24% of people in low-income countries report feeling lonely, double the 11% rate found in high-income countries [cite: 1, 2, 4].

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 This disparity can be heavily traced to differences in social infrastructure. Wealthier nations generally have more extensive social support networks, public parks, libraries, community centers, and accessible public transport systems that facilitate connection and support safe solitary living [cite: 9, 48, 49, 50]. In poorer countries, where welfare systems are weaker and physical infrastructure may be lacking, single-person households and isolated individuals face much higher risks of severe disconnection [cite: 48].

### Individualism vs. Collectivism

Cultural orientation also dictates how loneliness is experienced and reported. The BBC Loneliness Experiment, a massive survey of over 46,000 participants across 237 countries and territories, found a strong correlation between cultural individualism and loneliness [cite: 51]. 

Individualistic cultures (common in Western societies like the US and Europe) emphasize personal autonomy, independence, and voluntary relationships [cite: 51, 52, 53]. Because social connections in these societies rely heavily on voluntary effort rather than obligatory family ties, people living in individualistic societies report higher levels of loneliness when those networks fracture [cite: 51, 52]. Individualistic societies also tend to normalize the open expression of emotional states, making self-reported loneliness more visible in survey data [cite: 54].

In collectivist cultures (such as many Asian societies), strong family interdependency and community integration act as a natural buffer against isolation [cite: 52, 54]. However, this comes with a complex psychological caveat: because collectivist cultures highly value group harmony and community integration, admitting to loneliness is often deeply associated with shame or a sense of personal social failure [cite: 54]. Therefore, while self-reported loneliness may appear lower in collectivist nations, the internal, existential experience of loneliness may still be profound, masked by a cultural reluctance to disclose it to researchers or peers [cite: 54]. 

## The Physical Toll: How Loneliness Changes Our Diet

The consequences of loneliness extend far beyond emotional distress; social isolation actively degrades physical health and fundamentally alters physical eating behaviors, demonstrating how intertwined our social and physical lives truly are.

Food and social interaction are inextricably linked throughout human history. Eating together—commensality—represents a primary way humans connect, share culture, and bond. When individuals become socially isolated, particularly older adults, the lack of a dining companion severely reduces their motivation to cook [cite: 55, 56]. 

### The "Tea and Toast" Syndrome

This phenomenon is sometimes colloquially referred to as the "tea and toast" syndrome. Socially isolated individuals frequently opt for quick, highly processed, and nutritionally incomplete meals out of apathy [cite: 55]. Research shows that isolated older adults consume significantly fewer fruits and vegetables, leading to a dangerous lack of dietary variety [cite: 55, 57]. 

In a major study utilizing data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, researchers tracked over 30,000 adults over six years. They found that older Canadian women who were persistently isolated fell drastically short of nutritional guidelines, leading to poorer overall diet quality and an increased risk of frailty and cognitive decline [cite: 57, 58]. Conversely, women who enjoyed a variety of meaningful social activities—such as visiting friends, volunteering, or attending club meetings—maintained significantly healthier diets, as the cognitive and physical stimulation of socializing naturally promoted better self-care [cite: 57, 58]. 

### Social Media as Psychological Junk Food

Loneliness also makes individuals significantly more vulnerable to the psychological manipulation of social media algorithms, which can further impact their physical health. Research demonstrates that constant exposure to idealized body images or "junk food" content on platforms like Instagram actively alters behavior. 

In a study where young adults were exposed to junk food imagery on Instagram for just 15 minutes, participants reported increased cravings for salty and fatty foods, alongside heightened feelings of exhaustion, sadness, and stress [cite: 59]. When lonely people use ultra-processed food as an emotional coping mechanism—often while passively scrolling through digital feeds that make them feel worse about their bodies and lives—they create a compounding, vicious cycle of physical and mental health deterioration [cite: 55, 59, 60]. 

## Formulating a Healthy "Social Diet"

Recognizing the severity of this multi-faceted crisis, global health experts and policymakers are now treating social connection with the exact same urgency as physical exercise, sleep, and nutrition [cite: 6, 10, 61]. Just as public health bodies provide strict guidelines for daily caloric intake (e.g., eat vegetables, exercise 150 minutes weekly), an international coalition of researchers has developed evidence-based guidelines for a structured "social diet" [cite: 49, 62].

A healthy social diet recognizes that our brains have unique social needs, and it prioritizes the *quality* and *depth* of interactions over the sheer quantity of digital connections [cite: 62, 63]. The framework emphasizes several actionable steps:

### Practical Steps for Individuals

1. **Audit Your Social Nutrition:** Users are encouraged to ruthlessly evaluate their daily interactions. Passive scrolling, watching strangers' stories, and maintaining superficial group chats act as "social junk food"—they fill time but provide no emotional sustenance. Conversely, deep, sustained conversations act as "nutrient-dense" interactions that successfully co-regulate the nervous system [cite: 26, 27, 64].
2. **Prioritize Face-to-Face Time:** Even brief, seemingly insignificant in-person interactions—such as chatting with a barista, exchanging pleasantries with a cashier, or greeting a neighbor—reduce stress and build societal trust far more effectively than online engagement [cite: 49, 63]. Avoiding self-checkout lanes and opting for human interaction is a small but vital way to ingest "social nutrients" [cite: 63].
3. **Use Technology Actively and Purposefully:** When physical meeting is impossible due to distance, the "social diet" explicitly recommends synchronous voice calls over texting or video calls [cite: 21, 22]. Technology is best used as a tool to facilitate real-world meetups (e.g., texting to coordinate a coffee date) rather than as a permanent replacement for the relationship itself [cite: 49]. 

### Systemic and Healthcare Solutions

However, loneliness cannot be solved by individual effort alone; it requires systemic intervention. The U.S. Surgeon General's "National Strategy to Advance Social Connection" outlines six pillars for society, emphasizing the need to rebuild social infrastructure [cite: 6, 10]. Governments and city planners must invest in libraries, parks, community centers, and reliable public transit to create environments where spontaneous, natural interactions can occur [cite: 9, 10, 49, 50].

Furthermore, the healthcare sector is increasingly adopting a practice known as "social prescribing" [cite: 49, 50, 65]. Recognizing that 11% to 18% of depression cases are directly attributable to loneliness, physicians and pharmacists—particularly in the U.K., and increasingly in the U.S.—are actively screening patients for social isolation [cite: 50, 65, 66]. Instead of merely prescribing antidepressants, healthcare providers are prescribing social connection, referring at-risk patients to community walking groups, volunteering organizations, or art classes to directly treat the root cause of their physiological and psychological ailments [cite: 49, 50, 66]. 

## Bottom line

While digital platforms offer unparalleled convenience and serve as essential safe havens for marginalized communities, they are fundamentally inadequate as a complete replacement for physical human interaction. Face-to-face friendships uniquely combat loneliness by triggering profound biological responses—such as neural synchrony, empathy-building, and stress-hormone reduction—that digital screens cannot replicate. Ultimately, combating the modern epidemic of loneliness requires both robust community infrastructure and a commitment from individuals to audit their "social diets," intentionally minimizing passive digital consumption in favor of the friction, vulnerability, and nutrient-dense reality of in-person relationships.

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27. [medium.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFDhEtVJAOl4jM4QspgZdoCBaPNXdcFoV-h-PYOp4ApStIUDpipWmweB9Eg6qT28H0huma8vg-kJOGI-hmu1Furs33KqIMKMu2hZiRcEQEiSVCk1p4KaY582npXlAzaQUWjszLBQ-fawYk-_KSF9gdWbU5d_BxC03EXJq8n9FMJaw4keNqhJm7hmB6_k8D5OwdPrzRziAa1B7YKyGOlC0jx22-6oHI=)
28. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQH1h25jaKwLraPFQjcOBByK9R_Zt0iytW10NYw-7aVAIEbl1Vy7ZHnEGbZpLKjUVipMVR6U66FJbM8lTLqQc4mYTGy4fmyfGez5w-LhCNczCvThCQtoEIdyXbyYFRIlRDMGU3ow_KC6W7BQM_XTI1fZ7MVihx07n-kean7AplMYPX-OvVR7Qpdt3-JTUI2VIoDWIdGoYdFpajUPBB1squ_dEO9DkcVIYBwAwmJJ54KxDjJp34wSlouDuRTqXpFa3HkqRIEP9EyNxmgtKiNo)
29. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFq9nH49qMoMzbLlVRoGjgu9vF7bbawSiv5BdluOFq7ImpGFNPZrbY60gMyTE5BicPvhzIaYUmmoCoWMLn8v--VGuKjKeJaDCQzxDKLkEfl0Y9E_846MQvtJYFx5PIpgB3_HnwEmSkY5zuf-V712ZbUItV1l0yxpMFz0aOGk26691NnjAxM47No8EGJV1e3mYcnlzBY2pV5bKP8YQKmWdN7IKYKw3bsIiIYNmp2czjii9q-VwzU2OMiTSG0WuJlX_a1v6YiEvm_tym5OW_vZ-jijkM=)
30. [youtube.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQG9qpg5UBpnHXyIyj1FEe1HUzZfTM55mp395Fx28W5u0zP66ZuxD1zABDXmM2-G1PNdM0PB0mB_NYVPW1vULKSzXi3NImT_HO1en7T-CcPumtzqXc5TtsH5waHxWV59dTrc)
31. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHyKwI_CKxJ4fvt8PBa-YgGHarWKCHC7y1A-8GhfwNPHgYHMFEaYnZsq6F1fLTrPVP7BeRcwKrNMOG5LNvzFluJV_9eaeuizCFH6rFcnR4eIkiF39b2PDMAZVxVWHrH4bfXTqsQVR5L)
32. [oup.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGcSwUMYJxdMJ9xKEycLazX7hwoeB2cHAaPs9MuCP41ynn6DH6GZIfEK743QRpoIECG9dXv2s1504qV6pvW_YpqpDZxKnze7NwBE_tOzei_tGLGz5heUAgH-aMHSqkSj4gsz-hSRa7jPlJRXC7-FJSX)
33. [sciencedaily.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQG0tjSoG1c8cQxkBCzPJMTGOhCw-5GHRaGPIw0Z_bJhhMSUwCnOLZsbHQsuRZeanVPRaZgDr-5l7kUI4MuX043HNskMAiRLCcayWw7HU9ea6UDSpMA_HG63FJYnFL8cZsC3AIDPGzQk9V9x2NhOIJopToNqFw==)
34. [eurekalert.org](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQF15xTc83jbnDtrA7wf25OqPR_sXtSuHGPU9E2iYA5G5LdZl3FlRl_Cwjuab5uysxZwkuj85PWjrQKx21ktEcMnWgfEfNUhapitaqi2YMpGi_FPKjWmfbshXwBSiQYyi6oLJr2jm_I=)
35. [spacedaily.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFA3zsmC0h-TvjFLvG_JIxF-jVX7B4mWNSva-iX_Js8io2H36jSzjXcO_Do-eGQqi9i69Dk2A1s7WU4573z-9PI0rB2WjojFw3tHckNi4ngwyugJO7MeY8uMEA26NF-oEQ9FkZuL6fxvU3hIbBPShSKdlLoqR8dAskdENzC1bMQs78C6g1Y9HNEYfk24mNNL5pLOEOeBv4YrHQZz0iEKh-N4sq5RCHzi-l5sqZP6SrKrP5B5sjx8iL_E4_Bk5b0hMS3U7MV-S2_RHzSk5NZQt9kOBYygLGxOyBHoD-EuWtq)
36. [ijirset.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQH_NqiIgPE1M_Vt2thPOjw4OSonAh31XEskbEYruVkEGQrV2Q5A9mdgZ2t3gO2jtj_1Zv-imAABnOJ86bbtsYxfyHwqr5kZe_PVHNutTC3nrVOrG4zawvFR5_ALTIGejLpyT7iQMIwnFr4iOm3Eyay_6tvdeg==)
37. [ama-assn.org](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGXO6huTCICop5i29sXStrWXFevpzSr6l9L2TXQsMbZ0T6OPLu4SXYXl7yXZz9U8DYXtGh3jGcYAD4_H2zJpiHr2o84Y2wz9xZ5dL8t8KWnSuzBIpbyiizudpVyo8YoVGl7qqu9F169Ksqklndvh6ptye-9QpNKBAXNCGIJsOHW6JCl)
38. [oregonstate.edu](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHBv9OrRo5_qrRea2LPsXBv4K_gK7C5WaYEHCYjsk1Vwkk68Z36skYuNoCBnC8Ryr3u69WPNkTOZ0QkQb42lgiPshIoq0Hbi6Y6UqhcBXW7wx5gJcutNzDVmr4QeM1sV1VEOzCoUGIvT1BTLZijtSRYA52crNWWb49jfCCO8QvrMusf4w-NVIZgVddTtZpVXXA1de33Zc-UsqcpKk9CRTV8UvmwrFPi3ExKBXg=)
39. [ground.news](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQG-2vFocbhmbGUw8CmdFnO_f1OSRwBUCgjaIzQ2gBr7fOIFm91wSZBxdMBRxWtkY62xAmME838nYjRNV-8ZGyK-mgqzOFsFYuTWaeKB_xhAjuURu611nCJj4oMgjphraNb5voNYhx0WzwY-aYQ9vPD8L4YblRiRbTslw8k9zd-_RMOL-hRmUT_2dY8=)
40. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHUM9i3EsnJnWNDPg9vCvzgKpJ7hmSBi5GPgs63ZpDQF2lLNgOhTYjTCMK9A_BITP-07tTKjY5XctB12n6sFgj4Bdx8frTFpbywiY45NokAB5jO3afhoo7w3r04QrJgXfsisihRLeKzusu2qDK5dDYLEVwPAkG1zPsuCki6wJeptvBIEzdUSCunlkl1jdV7dJc9McVr2zAGMYuMlBkQURNVm6TVD25Bkg1UgYhB604-KA4pf0CSMbV7WGsKFZ3qlNxreFHFopaVegQosg==)
41. [theotherclinic.sg](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHvPk2ppTSBOt3EqHibr1sg50m1oOOpAMuemiNUWwf0jJHU2vnepDyZN_17vrheJ1Ar0JsfJd9efFmzQKh_yRnUQNFj77hH76yDGXvPYeHeMiV9Lw3f8gn3jhY6O_gn5KVIUdXM3FKRZuMrpaYf5rWSYFw-F9CU5WH0AwoyPZM3y5rSlHFZULCoVrYi_JUbsI4afZUzGJTr)
42. [erau.edu](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHZ8g1k5OWDaGqlxYBSANifPi4rYpDTpekZETHGEcGK4XfOkmXPWvaNcK0DirfaIgdwjO0CA3ObVJtFgnigfyuF7yx569yqaoFg8FVw2RNYrq2cRe5oThtEWoLV4uMBSIFNBS23qL5eF3SLieHKX8MRCpdW9oBBd2L8G2rq4gYFtZExdZ_tc2HeW-u6b-pjd38HRsUptUFvaBVP396njUz4HPDZHTsQLri46DNvs4LyBquhdpowyziYtkM=)
43. [erau.edu](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEij91FwOc5L6FHsPmUcRQW2CCTbrRy_tApo9cKlfRKVoIHwj7kudpUya66gVMPDkc_SJmjPu71mxusSPmgDeCdMe7-M6qzMoZnZIqwGYKua2S97nNqh_r48nHmer4Q3J2FtGf_HiYRU_-Igqf_wkbW_j8vwxzXsUGTIDClNpWo_GtHxmWgSsfjQbZW6XNqWTARuz1-ABKN_outf3BYqWAttsQsWk3eypg=)
44. [baca.org](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHR9f1DXZaFp4qfHc7vaUF6TZNf8rxq7h-hIG1MC4pupIoZBcDagXC0Yq5lWbZJw6OcKzF-EyZzA8-qbocWdopDiyywvMjGt2vFypwWPDMfZUouLyIsjQFwPllQD5V-ejf6tvYlC58VicDibBVzq81V8PsQgtFIBoa4WGR0otqfZ9TGQA==)
45. [medium.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEf1j43ObT4CjLdVb8QcRuWmSOUD8Q7CI1CQLehsswLclFTpA70URGtvCppU1V748mf-nFDPZP601tNREIjHksB3yecSOMD5SxlNs5apAa5iSvaw9oEwxf3rGvkOLgwCGXhhbEZaMebSfm86rQYn6qPbqsH_oaqZB2deASOCo1SLlFIQFaHnes4dJSTgrGGzmGK4Q==)
46. [harvard.edu](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHc7qvFBU_t5DyKwoJfQMt2w7IXZwyv4ecNc8962WdzrvLUk6uAa7hCQX-ierbRCMrbFI8dIoksAqs1UI5AbGnap0bPbWoGomyyOJ-VfV3CE7qB-qWa5CmAJSl6xsahzggcxHtNU-Xye2xw6egnATQzPFHldZ-y73CJ0K8TFR4K5JYeZF7q72DffrQUj9tnSvtbybpLtQGRdgcMtMrclwJTqA==)
47. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGYDE5dOucd2arWeLXBy2ZkihXeGuNd1_WiVMsltoGVXiGR708rDRUyhMGYQCgNR0vag-m4mll0SxJjQtWxVd4gbe_--WtvtRgaDPF1S4f6TMYW9I-GXUhht1m132eJvY7J7QlQyRZF4kpqXFHyyX8kYrPoe19TG7i8i-MWGIHaTNQ42kV0ADVEmltoCdWoKHPf4HAYH0LwJoJCpaW7e9m7aZVtIvh0XZJCnujQWOHj)
48. [ourworldindata.org](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFD_EByUvmMT6Z10EPth-WcVwd__Pm5rvXDG6qQAzstKJO_KqwJAdFK9BqOMi0EmNrj8JUvEC7bUJTLEon-3nRL-lDppdV-Y4KOKtBARFC5W--j0zXgYemkVNdx75zxrVpWCpg63qydtyAKJ7Yhd3ulINo=)
49. [metropolitandigital.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHXnZ9D2rJDhWOiE0gpwO7JGW68KA4aIgGrWJ4rXjcds8vwfAUqeS3xvI5qsdQrzyZxJt_B6FnydFxlvFONN4_vfTORs0RWgWq3KD0yJ35Cz1zm5zAnizN3Je3clLQ7-emrsC0jD6z8gidD5a5Lwjlsl7uKzYha9p9uGYq7sd82Jss23IITdgXOcq8B4jkdE6PCHjf_e_SBPUircgJZzkgjFyTe0xLqNcd2RlcBxqIEK3_xsK1X8nIXNbrUJdn-zKcfj0w=)
50. [harvard.edu](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQH2g527T1UMH_Tpn19nCajpxB_1Nm2Ap1XSEs-speXcZAN5MQbWCtKJ7LPw-8j7eFpUHB6aGTvgW8x5d9qYybwm1f9kdWeDomQsRdo1n82k3qNIxnEbYB8YYzp2mtqoUg2hQaNmNly8DkNR3yBuLIg1MU2KM8EbnWtqdtG42QIOoSC8NwWBeQ_gAxd3sXR0lIB2ivk=)
51. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQF4V8udu84REYgHT-ZyZ_MTxOJNvH7CZkzG2VGQLP75ZrCcTD8jV7IlWToDZ5Kq92EQ4ZDpfHblXfTXbTjQodUrtKVxcUhqz364iKqvxki2O_zXlW5Ml_cKqaYLAJwUYzPqZ5B6F3EZ)
52. [scirp.org](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEi38QNl7poM6ATSabtp93vIxcQilXyrtBMpuZdQ9UWfjeBhWp8tvxg5AVogi7WWfE39xQf2gqIZd6fQkEseDGjZs38-zfjmsDN74QaH4HbtVGkDUKQ2caKFPvvnEkr9kptl7_enjUSumkY8vYAo4P8oMDU)
53. [frontiersin.org](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQF9XWzhBdcMnkVLEsQAoA2ocWVu7mUB6uXO6OzwK0hmDTwWisD2ySZ0Je3FwHfZropCjh3tLwu9LKj7FdRp0peME_X010zlHepIht6-y3kkyzhW0fyN-iI4Bc3A5pPYItzja-sLXJ9L0a4zGcTJ63eulO_j3paW20eqYUBh-x5BxuPRXdmq47fR22efPPEs)
54. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQG5DahnUqdV6N-uRKTet3eYyGbQ-KH1-5U2VF-cHYyhVfe11OhkW75HXON-7MY4OtqUt9-o0bq3ed74Rlb9bRe3KyQ7juBRWjtlT247FDWOTDJ9y-CsnT7lHpoMtoYAyGHBT5TIZpp1mqXAhZTSpldc15e1V3wCcAHGrdU3dZdRMk2QS_W4mHT5Z24m7215jIdcwmF-HzFobSMgveszbR_hwGmx8-hR73H0Kfqct9JtQpudz-aX9C2WDoLGMAxhSKdJYvSiLjdiag9SaRFoHj25cJYTegzAT3UGLohKkg==)
55. [kerry.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQH30G0eW01-0pzmVVjO64zNs5AbbkTr7fa9qVVbtQoopjZi2sBhY02XNOQRM7tAbgxUZx2cDogmm4zVBVKTjhi2-xfnTOBcxSku9tV7kwEwzl8KH1Tq0x-Y7nFLK6MCCxrlxq-vQK9dcyMjcDlWNbq1FSO3u-5hNHDGF3RoGPpoJaW_MndnpjVR8N5VL6MpiqM_SIWB3H6T6XWWeKJTTXGn56SXtnqOROTOWpmz)
56. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEYISebdLmLf4CNyb2JUsJczksb8mShuyOqhMBJ7xQjzVUmGZMBeAfV5IZp3F4gZX3iMCllyphQJ761h5YMXq_uR-ed-151ni70wjmIZDzOJ9_nfIFOQ_axJjDNhHBH9AN-O7uaAN_4ng==)
57. [ubc.ca](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQH2zXkxcnKcP-MgQGbvd8W7d0Jr0brNfvi6CFd6_QbWnurjBaQRBO6nter0jKtJGrcDQMatrtdTVehD9qnvg2XhZH6rjWdBqyKEcTQXoSswzFiG5dNWyupwgE5wkLcgbcGX0m4UDbuKaRLGoNLF657TGNLi3JRdGAqESrQVq3G_tLoaXJVfuQ==)
58. [ubc.ca](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGgnpEKynzpxo8KvUYzLLOMRZh0H8Xvj76wHUt-9ZGHyi4ehzNZJKjN1JC7NCSiWPB6mXumW-XYtkRN53tlQf9LEy-Nq544qql_V3BXTJgC6LWAe49KIAYGLzbYKh_SHn38UkDhyyDq7ZRDh7v_QQ5IT6Cbe8sQNlcpc9I6fKgtZPoj1MiUat_vQhO59ciGvz7IlbQ_DaQWZnKOVHOtvDr3UiMu2LzRGTiY31a4cMLQ)
59. [healthline.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEugw0PDMYgDPW1k3WlfdBLqnMErUTWTH9HQCabeuSos5b34j2Yzxa_rASuEUPr8FabykYxQ3lsKpo1n8b-p9nIM6D5uLyoK8-Ljn034V-VPYGieryFvFpTyxKzU2NYbmELlnybhGSv7rPiDfZp7v4wWoRbg84xsPCYyL8eJuK64ubDGNfMN4v24naabnvT)
60. [uark.edu](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFdVmk4hLd2qdXOeiZKCAl2nAZhsH3Sb3Ei1bub-3YYyn_fiq3cWtjo2pqRlPP6uCBiJzklbGafMwsfDytmlapWpSX5vr19UNNKBR5n3iPqS47IBLL57uGc-9KVsQ67YhIRDkR9ggZgSzbpr6W8RNmjOLw3bmuE7UFLEA1qZrMJevwL0bY=)
61. [who.int](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFhqUHQQN_8xmZ2eazoJKjFfv-0PbL6famMH2U2R6Pq9hF_aRUghwn7ynsfyF70EX4k8KWni-BuddNJwPhOVo79Sv4ra5SNMVIBVPWzP2b3a4j1m9m_rp-JLxaLI6ceP2IvfhrV3iOe_gDN2pWuJWFJTSZ2uAlfZA==)
62. [psychologytoday.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQG9Zs1kE6C5b38819TyMH2byFDYLPBq8hxgjpL92AwF03P_pio_E3ER0tHbIWwJritLhyuMfexjA49YrXmV6v26Byu7BAXnX1eERMVFpwUaJlRs4ivF_F4ZzFzXoj7zjryeDtcgfRrvzX4bCcI-sA-HXQ0sTaMz6mUsHfGXnwrtZPuBOuMpMSqEx3T99At6lxxrRg==)
63. [psychologytoday.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFD-WBKuu9oJST7l5mrTy3nXf75vxoH5v2cecny3s6Qui3UutjXsz7Ag_TdtDof1ijQqsvsiMeL28TxcvAc0WdegZtYFvxVp9N9o_upWMQMeCIBUEcDTdsZ8zdzT6XCbSKxxYCtosKAl43XbVAbDtEpkVuwABcfDTXkUFzxhQRvN8S5Flnt5vEx6ratUa3uJPVxGA6b9fnj74768gDaTwuEAA==)
64. [medium.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFOmsMmIC-yUsemahTk_vEkWPO5wcsc3WKWTHxji9q_mZoe2Xw3NLP6hpRMT0uyI7h8w37s16vh3ZhWvkQnsG-ZnA7ElOTVlK7dQ3_MGFEiLjTPD_xiixoY_oZ49AfhafRkqm3NsR_jOtWFvdxJewfOwMlMcBJGldxhG9dWw7QAGCMPb7dGdajo)
65. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEZshtrHaRGEAEPytYCFoF45uj4bKkoO5BQWSqcWG2WSIcEpS9xdMch_opKZS5QmvtRT9cxL_GDp9KD7S430YqlGdxX_EjqR-jQX2DB2JcKGS_WYP5nmlMtZKskE1v1YvJoAH6QVAYYTA==)
66. [psychiatrictimes.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGPPE36h7NqiWnfPeMjeXWwjkeI0eIt2NLd56AqCb5CSiC-RLFOy2SHBBopvF7k84JZ4MkgjEqXmLxwHOV04jrrAs6_c_kqAepZhvE0ZmXfs2DGbyBFI0Bm6y0myJdlxtET8UhAXPgRCLiabB63WHLbT4wBSr18Btie3X964bmxYW9ihrjNHBGgsHghS48JU7COeogn_iZm2smdBnp7cPRO25NQJ51u4MKBuh008gJeQ3lW2AM=)