# Choice architecture and shelf placement in retail product selection

Choice architecture within physical retail environments encompasses the deliberate design of store layouts, shelf placements, and secondary displays to influence consumer navigation and purchase behavior. Rather than relying solely on product quality or pricing, modern retailers engineer the physical environment to optimize visual attention, reduce or induce cognitive friction, and ultimately drive incremental sales. This analysis synthesizes empirical data across physical store layout strategies, eye-tracking attention metrics, secondary display economics, and the behavioral concepts of nudges and sludges. The objective is to delineate how structural and visual interventions systematically modulate consumer product selection.

## Macro-Level Retail Layouts

The foundational layer of retail choice architecture is the macro-level store layout. The physical arrangement of aisles and fixtures dictates the baseline flow of foot traffic, directly influencing the volume and variety of merchandise a consumer is exposed to during a single shopping trip. Strategic store layout can influence up to 70% of in-store purchasing decisions, establishing it as a primary driver of commercial success [cite: 1]. 

### Grid Configurations and Navigational Efficiency

Retailers rely on a spectrum of layout typologies, most notably the grid and the racetrack (or loop) configurations, each serving distinct operational goals and engaging specific consumer psychology mechanisms. The grid layout is defined by long, parallel aisles intersecting with perpendicular pathways, typically anchoring the ends with high-visibility endcaps [cite: 1, 2]. This format is heavily utilized in high-volume supermarkets, pharmacies, and convenience stores because it maximizes inventory density and minimizes spatial costs [cite: 2].

The grid layout facilitates highly efficient, routine shopping behavior [cite: 3]. It is specifically designed to accommodate consumers armed with predetermined shopping lists, allowing for the rapid retrieval of necessities [cite: 1, 2]. However, this utilitarian structure restricts lines of sight. Shoppers typically only see the products immediately to their left or right, effectively limiting organic discovery and relying heavily on the consumer's pre-existing intent [cite: 2]. The predictability of the grid means that while transaction speed is high, the environment does not inherently encourage prolonged dwell time or significant deviations from planned purchases.

### Racetrack and Free-Flow Configurations

Conversely, the loop or racetrack layout forces consumers along a primary, circular path that borders the store's perimeter, seamlessly leading them past multiple distinct product zones before they reach the checkout infrastructure [cite: 1, 2]. This design, famously optimized by large-format retailers such as IKEA and various department stores, prioritizes total product exposure and experiential shopping over mere transactional efficiency [cite: 1, 2]. 

By extending the physical duration of the shopping trip and breaking the rigid efficiency of the grid, the loop layout significantly increases the probability of unplanned, impulse purchases [cite: 2]. Shoppers traverse a curated journey, constantly exposed to new categories and lifestyle setups, which triggers latent desires and expands basket sizes. 

For smaller, more premium retail environments, the free-flow layout provides an asymmetric arrangement of fixtures with no defined, coercive path [cite: 1, 4]. This layout encourages unstructured browsing and exploration at the consumer's own pace, fostering a relaxed atmosphere that is often deployed in high-end apparel boutiques or specialty stores [cite: 1, 4]. The lack of structured aisles communicates a premium brand identity, contrasting sharply with the volume-driven logic of the grid.

### Interaction of Aisle Width and Shelf Height

Beyond the footprint of the aisles, the physical dimensions of the fixtures profoundly impact the consumer's psychological perception of the store and their subsequent behavior. Aisle width and shelf height are critical determinants of spatial control, visual dominance, and overall store image. 

Empirical studies indicate that the physical dimensions of retail shelving directly dictate the perceived prestige of a store [cite: 3]. The combination of wide aisles and low shelving generates the highest perception of store prestige and customer satisfaction [cite: 3]. Low shelves afford consumers a clear line of sight across the entire store, reducing feelings of confinement, enabling easier macro-navigation, and fostering a sense of environmental control. Conversely, the combination of high shelves and narrow aisles is strongly associated with discount-store imagery and generates the lowest customer satisfaction scores [cite: 3]. 

Standard grocery retail design guidelines recommend a minimum aisle width of 3.5 to 4 feet to comfortably accommodate standard shopping cart traffic, while high-footfall locations require widths of 5 feet or more to prevent navigational bottlenecks [cite: 5, 6]. Narrowing aisles below the 3-foot threshold creates severe physical friction—a form of environmental sludge—that actively discourages browsing, creates frustration, and truncates the duration of the shopping trip [cite: 5, 6]. Furthermore, the implementation of a "decompression zone"—the first few feet inside the entrance kept free of dense racking—is essential to allow consumers a cognitive moment to adjust to the store environment before engaging with product displays [cite: 6, 7].

### International Retail Dynamics and Spatial Adaptation

The strategic divergence in store layouts is starkly visible in the evolution of international retail markets. In Southeast Asia and China, major retail conglomerates are actively shifting their physical footprints to align with changing urbanization and consumption patterns, proving that spatial architecture must continuously adapt to local demographics [cite: 8, 9, 10]. 

In Vietnam, retailers like Lotte Mart are pivoting away from strictly utilitarian formats in favor of mixed-use, experiential properties. For example, Lotte Mall West Lake Hanoi utilizes a massive 355,000-square-meter floor area featuring a racetrack layout with a heavy emphasis on "attraction content." The mall balances retail goods and experiential spaces at a 5:5 ratio, a deliberate departure from the traditional 8:2 product-heavy ratio seen in older department store models [cite: 11, 12]. This shift acknowledges that modern physical retail must offer communal and entertainment value to compete with e-commerce efficiency. Similar strategies are deployed by Japanese giant Aeon, which heavily develops suburban megamalls to act as comprehensive community hubs [cite: 11, 13].

Simultaneously, the traditional sprawling hypermarket model is facing severe structural headwinds in markets like China. Global retailers such as Walmart are scaling down, shifting focus from massive hypermarkets to smaller, 500-square-meter neighborhood community stores [cite: 10]. These smaller formats offer highly curated assortments of roughly 2,000 SKUs tailored to the high-frequency, localized needs of nearby residents [cite: 10]. This operational pivot proves that spatial proximity and reduced navigational friction in dense urban environments often outweigh the appeal of massive inventory scale, marking a shift toward proximity retail formats [cite: 10].

| Layout Typology | Structural Characteristics | Primary Retail Application | Behavioral Impact & Sales Mechanism |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Grid** | Parallel aisles with perpendicular intersections; distinct categorization. | Supermarkets, pharmacies, convenience stores. | High efficiency, supports planned purchases, maximizes SKU density per square foot. |
| **Racetrack (Loop)** | Single primary pathway circulating the store perimeter; structured journey. | Department stores, experiential malls (e.g., Lotte Mall), IKEA. | Increases dwell time, forces exposure to multiple categories, drives high volume of impulse purchases. |
| **Free-Flow** | Asymmetric arrangement of fixtures; no defined path or barriers. | Boutiques, high-end apparel. | Encourages unstructured browsing and organic discovery; creates a premium, unhurried spatial perception. |
| **Community / Proximity** | Highly compact footprint (e.g., ~500 sqm); curated inventory (e.g., ~2,000 SKUs). | Urban neighborhood markets (e.g., Walmart China local stores). | Minimizes navigational friction; optimized for high-frequency, daily replenishment trips over bulk buying. |

## Foundational Principles of Shelf Space Allocation

Once a consumer enters a specific aisle, macro-level layout gives way to micro-level choice architecture. Shelf placement within an aisle is not arbitrary; it is a highly commodified, data-driven system where physical location directly correlates with visual dominance, sales velocity, and profit margins.

### The Eye-Level Heuristic and Sales Velocity

The most established heuristic in retail merchandising is that "eye-level is buy-level." Shoppers inherently default to scanning shelves horizontally from left to right at their natural eye line, mimicking Western reading patterns [cite: 14]. Products placed in this prime space, commonly referred to as the "bulls-eye zone," require the least amount of physical exertion and visual search effort to locate [cite: 14, 15]. Because the average shopper takes fewer than eight seconds to make a purchase decision within an aisle, minimizing visual search time is paramount [cite: 14].

Quantitative research underscores the profound financial impact of vertical placement. Moving a product from the worst-performing location—typically the bottom shelf—to the optimal eye-level location can yield an average sales increase of nearly 60% [cite: 15]. Conversely, moving a well-established national brand from an eye-level position to a lower shelf can trigger a direct sales drop of approximately 11% [cite: 15]. Top and bottom shelves are frequently relegated to heavy, bulk items, or unproven new products, as the physical effort required to reach them acts as a natural biomechanical barrier to impulse selection [cite: 14]. 

### Brand Equity and Facing Elasticity

Shelf placement is also heavily moderated by existing brand equity and historical market share. High-loyalty, dominant brands act as destination items; consumers will actively seek them out regardless of suboptimal placement. Consequently, retailers often leverage the draw of these strong brands to increase traffic to adjacent, higher-margin private-label goods [cite: 16]. A strong brand effectively reduces business risk for the retailer, making it a primary argument in negotiations for premium shelf space [cite: 16].

The relationship between shelf facings (the number of visible product units facing the consumer) and sales lift is non-linear and highly dependent on pre-existing market share. Research demonstrates that increasing the number of facings yields diminishing returns past a certain spatial threshold [cite: 17]. More importantly, additional facings disproportionately benefit low-market-share brands. In one experimental study, expanding a display from four to twelve facings increased choice likelihood by 60% for a low-share brand, but only generated a marginal 9% increase for a high-share brand [cite: 17]. This suggests that visual dominance on the shelf functions as a powerful surrogate for brand importance in the consumer's mind, effectively compensating for pre-existing brand unawareness.

Because physical space is finite, the allocation of this space is governed by strict financial mechanisms. Consumer packaged goods (CPG) companies incur substantial costs to secure optimal placement. Slotting fees or listing fees, which average $1,500 per store per SKU, are paid to retailers simply to appear on the shelves [cite: 18]. Furthermore, manufacturers routinely pay "pay-to-stay" fees during category reviews to maintain their positioning and avoid being rotated out of the active assortment [cite: 18]. 

### Placement Optimization for Waste Reduction

Choice architecture extends beyond revenue generation; it is also a powerful mechanism for operational efficiency and waste management, particularly regarding perishable goods. A recent study published in the journal Management Science demonstrated that optimizing shelf placement and discount timing for items with declining quality (e.g., fresh produce, dairy) can yield significant dual benefits [cite: 19]. By strategically adjusting how and where items nearing expiration are displayed, grocery retailers can reduce food waste by an average of 21.24% while simultaneously boosting category profits by 6.01%, entirely without fundamentally altering base pricing structures [cite: 19]. This indicates that strategic visibility can effectively clear inventory that would otherwise succumb to spoilage.

## Visual Attention and Gaze Mapping

The advent of mobile, head-mounted eye-tracking technology has allowed researchers to move beyond self-reported surveys and capture subconscious visual behavior in natural, physical retail settings. By measuring metrics such as Fixation Duration (the total time spent looking at a specific area) and Time to First Fixation (how quickly an item captures attention), analysts can deduce the specific environmental stimuli that trigger cognitive processing and subsequent purchasing decisions [cite: 20, 21, 22, 23]. 

### In-Store Attention Optimization and Lateral Bias

Recent in-store eye-tracking studies have challenged traditional, simplistic assumptions about visual attention in three-dimensional environments. For instance, while the "eye-level" heuristic is generally valid, granular data reveals that optimal attention allocation actually peaks slightly below this line. Eye-tracking heatmaps overlaid on physical grocery shelves illustrate a pronounced concentration of visual attention located roughly 15 inches below absolute eye level, alongside a subtle but consistent bias toward the right side of the aisle trajectory [cite: 24]. Shoppers are significantly more likely to attend to products on their right side as they traverse the store aisle, a phenomenon likely tied to dominant handedness and natural walking patterns [cite: 24]. 

Visual tracking also reveals the hierarchy of information processing at the physical shelf. Data coded from over 2,200 purchase considerations across multiple U.S. grocery stores indicates that shoppers allocate significantly more cumulative attention time to the physical product packaging itself rather than reading price tags or physically touching the merchandise [cite: 24]. Furthermore, consumers spend a greater proportion of their consideration duration focusing on the target brand when the purchase is specifically planned, whereas unplanned, impulse purchases involve a much wider, exploratory gaze pattern across the category [cite: 24]. This reinforces the critical role of structural packaging design, color contrast, and immediate visual brand recognition.

### Scanning Patterns in Physical Versus Digital Interfaces

It is crucial to delineate between physical retail scanning and digital interface scanning, as the cognitive behavior differs substantially based on the medium. In digital contexts (such as e-commerce platforms or highly structured digital signage), eye-tracking routinely identifies specific layouts like the F-Pattern, the Z-Pattern, and the Layer-Cake Pattern [cite: 25, 26, 27]. 

The F-Pattern dominates text-heavy pages without clear subheadings. Users read horizontally across the top, drop down slightly, and read a shorter horizontal line, followed by a vertical scan down the left edge [cite: 27, 28]. The Z-Pattern typically emerges in highly visual, low-text environments, tracing a path from top-left to top-right, diagonally to bottom-left, and across to bottom-right [cite: 26, 28]. 

While these patterns strictly govern how a consumer reads a point-of-sale display screen or a digital kiosk, they do not map neatly onto physical shelf navigation. In a physical aisle, three-dimensional space, peripheral vision, spatial depth, and bodily movement dictate the aforementioned "15-inches-below" and right-hand lateral biases [cite: 24]. Retailers attempting to design a physical shelf purely based on 2D web-design gaze patterns will fail to account for the biomechanics of physical shopping. 

| Scanning Pattern | Optimal Environment | Primary Characteristics | Behavioral Output |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Physical Aisle Traversal** | 3D physical retail shelves. | Focus peaks 15 inches below eye level; strong lateral bias toward the right side. | Prioritizes structural packaging over text; heavily influenced by walking direction. |
| **F-Pattern** | Text-heavy digital screens, dense signage. | Horizontal top scan, shorter secondary horizontal scan, vertical left-edge scan. | High efficiency for scanning but causes fatigue; often results in missed information on the right side. |
| **Z-Pattern** | Visual, low-text digital displays (e.g., Endcap screens). | Left-to-right, diagonal drop, left-to-right completion. | Excellent for driving to a specific call-to-action; covers a broader visual area than the F-pattern. |
| **Layer-Cake Pattern** | Highly structured text with clear hierarchy. | Eyes jump between bold subheadings until relevant information is found. | Highly efficient information retrieval; prevents the text-wall fatigue of the F-Pattern. |

## Secondary Displays and Point-of-Sale Interventions

To disrupt habitual shopping patterns and capture the approximately 62% of grocery purchases categorized as unplanned, retailers deploy secondary placements outside the product's primary home aisle [cite: 29]. These physical interventions temporarily alter the store's choice architecture to artificially inflate product salience, intercepting consumers who might otherwise bypass the category entirely.

### Dump Bins and "Treasure Hunt" Psychology

Dump bins are freestanding, deep-welled containers placed directly on the sales floor, often in high-traffic action alleys or near checkouts [cite: 30, 31, 32]. They are typically filled with bulk, clearance, or highly seasonal items. The structural design of a dump bin intentionally bypasses careful, comparative evaluation. By presenting goods in a state of deliberate disorganization, dump bins trigger a "treasure hunt" mentality [cite: 31]. This visual chaos creates a psychological sense of urgency and implicitly signals a discount or bargain, even if the items are priced at standard retail margins [cite: 31, 33].

Historical retail studies commissioned by the Russell R. Muller Retail Hardware Research Foundation demonstrated that placing a product in a temporary dump bin can yield staggering sales increases of up to 427% [cite: 31]. This exponential lift is driven by the sheer physical disruption of the normal visual field and the exploitation of raw impulse behavior, proving that unstructured presentation can sometimes outperform meticulously faced shelving [cite: 31, 34].

### The Economics of Endcaps

Endcaps—the shelving units situated at the very end of an aisle facing the main traffic flow—represent the most heavily monetized and effective real estate in physical retail. Products placed on an endcap experience an average 93% increase in exposure simply by intercepting consumers traversing the perimeter who otherwise would not have walked down the adjacent inner aisle [cite: 29, 30, 32]. This heightened visibility translates to a baseline average 32% lift in sales for the featured items [cite: 29, 30, 32].

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Because of this guaranteed visibility, manufacturers pay premium slotting fees to secure this positioning, ranging from $350 to $500 per display, per store, for temporary seasonal features [cite: 18]. However, the efficacy of an endcap is highly sensitive to its specific location within the macro-layout and its category suitability. Analytical models analyzing scanner panel data demonstrate that "front endcaps" (those facing the store entrance or primary decompression zone) generate the largest absolute impact on primary category purchase incidence [cite: 35]. In contrast, standard aisle shelf displays closer to the focal category's home aisle are significantly more effective for driving specific brand switching, as consumers can easily evaluate multiple competing attributes [cite: 35]. 

Optimization of endcap selection is critical. Academic research indicates that simply placing the best-selling item of the week on an endcap will yield the baseline 32% lift, but utilizing predictive modeling to identify high-affinity, margin-optimized SKUs can yield a 2X improvement in incremental profit over basic volume-based selection [cite: 29].



### Checkout and Point-of-Sale Configurations

Checkout or Point-of-Sale (POS) displays function on a slightly different psychological premise. They target a captive audience experiencing forced dwell time while waiting in a queue [cite: 36, 37]. Because the consumer has already made the mental commitment to purchasing and has their payment method ready, cognitive resistance to small add-on costs is drastically lowered. 

Therefore, POS displays are exclusively reserved for high-margin, low-cost, universally appealing impulse items (e.g., confections, beverages, batteries, travel-sized goods) [cite: 36, 37, 38]. To be effective, these displays must limit visual clutter and prioritize absolute clarity. An overly complex checkout display introduces cognitive load, transitioning an item from a frictionless impulse buy to a considered purchase, which guarantees failure at the point of sale [cite: 36, 38]. 

### The Digital Transformation of the Endcap

The traditional static endcap is currently undergoing a rapid digital transformation, blending physical choice architecture with digital marketing precision. Retailers are actively retrofitting prime endcaps with digital screens, dynamic pricing tags, and local sensor arrays to create "digital endcaps" [cite: 39, 40, 41, 42]. 

These digital endcaps circumvent the severe limitations of printed cardboard by enabling dynamic dayparting—the ability to alter promotional messaging based on the time of day, immediate weather conditions, or local demographic data [cite: 40, 42]. For example, a digital endcap can promote a cold beverage during a mid-day heatwave and seamlessly transition to promoting a dinner ingredient as evening commuters enter the store [cite: 40].

The integration of dynamic motion and targeted messaging generates significant behavioral shifts. Data from Kroger Precision Marketing indicates that digital endcap displays generate 37% higher engagement rates compared to traditional static signage [cite: 40]. Industry data corroborates this, showing that dynamic in-store screens drive sales uplifts ranging from 15% to 33% for featured items, while simultaneously generating a measurable 4% halo effect on overall brand sales for adjacent products [cite: 42, 43]. Furthermore, controlled field experiments testing multi-sensory endcap projections have proven that adding specific auditory cues (sound) to a digital display significantly increases sales, whereas the addition of an ambient scent does not yield a statistically significant improvement [cite: 44]. 

### Measurement of Display Interventions

To justify the high costs of these secondary displays and digital interventions, consumer packaged goods companies rely heavily on calculating Incremental Sales Lift. This involves rigorous measurement to differentiate organic sales from promotion-driven sales [cite: 45, 46]. 

While digital marketing relies heavily on Multi-Touch Attribution (MTA), physical retail interventions require causal inference techniques, most reliably the Randomized Control Trial (RCT) [cite: 47]. In an RCT framework, sales performance in stores featuring the new display (the treatment group) is directly compared against a demographically similar set of stores without the display (the control group) [cite: 47, 48]. This experiment-based approach strips away external variables and provides a true measure of the display's efficacy. For context on the power of out-of-aisle digital interventions, CPG brand lift studies utilizing digital sponsored products have documented sales lifts ranging from 30% up to 65% in specific snack categories [cite: 48].

## Cognitive Friction in Retail Environments

Retail environments are, at their core, sophisticated exercises in applied behavioral economics. Choice architects manipulate physical and visual space using mechanisms broadly classified under the dual framework of "nudges" and "sludges" to predictably alter behavior without strictly limiting freedom of choice [cite: 49, 50]. 

### The Framework of Nudges and Sludges

A *nudge* is a deliberate design intervention that facilitates a desired action by minimizing friction and leveraging cognitive biases toward an outcome beneficial to the retailer (and theoretically, the consumer) [cite: 49, 50, 51]. Placing fresh produce at the front of the store to establish a "health halo," utilizing endcaps to increase product visibility, or pre-selecting a default option are all classic examples of retail nudges. 

Conversely, a *sludge* is a deliberate design friction intended to inhibit an action or make a process cognitively and physically burdensome [cite: 49, 50, 51, 52]. Sludges operate by increasing transaction costs—whether search costs, decision costs, or physical effort [cite: 51, 52]. While sometimes used ethically (e.g., adding friction to a data privacy waiver to force careful reading), sludges in retail are frequently weaponized to prevent customer attrition [cite: 51]. A common example is requiring convoluted, multi-step physical or phone processes to cancel a retail membership or process a return [cite: 51]. 

### Cognitive Mechanisms and Effect Sizes

A comprehensive 2023 meta-analysis of behavioral field experiments (encompassing 184 papers and over 2.24 million participants) sought to quantify the underlying cognitive mechanisms powering nudges and sludges. The research categorized interventions across six primary cognitive processes: attention, perception, memory, effort, intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation [cite: 50, 53]. 

The analysis revealed a critical insight for retail choice architects: interventions targeting physical or cognitive *effort*—either by drastically reducing it (a nudge) or artificially increasing it (a sludge)—are by far the most effective modifiers of human behavior [cite: 50, 53].



In the context of the meta-analysis, effort interventions boasted an effect size (Cohen's d) of 0.52, drastically outperforming extrinsic motivation (0.31), perception (0.27), and intrinsic motivation (0.17) [cite: 49, 50].

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 This data explains the empirical reality of the physical store layout: simply moving a product to eye-level (reducing physical effort) or relocating it to a front endcap (reducing navigational search costs) consistently generates higher sales lifts than implementing complex promotional pricing (extrinsic motivation) or relying on inherent brand loyalty (intrinsic motivation) alone [cite: 15, 35]. Retail success is heavily predicated on removing the physical and cognitive friction required to acquire a target product.

### Ethical Implications and Dark Nudges

When choice architecture is utilized to push consumers toward outcomes that contradict their best interests, it crosses into the territory of "dark nudges" [cite: 54, 55]. Research into corporate social responsibility (CSR) materials produced by the alcohol industry reveals the strategic use of both dark nudges and sludges. For example, industry communications often employ social norming (a dark nudge implying that "most people" are drinking) while simultaneously utilizing layout sludges—such as obscure fonts and confusing visual hierarchies—to make health warnings and evidence of alcohol harm difficult to access and process [cite: 54]. 

Understanding the potency of these interventions highlights the ethical tightrope of retail design. The framing effect dictates that how options are presented inherently alters the decision [cite: 51]. When retailers weaponize spatial effort—such as intentionally placing daily staple goods (e.g., dairy, eggs) at the absolute rear of the store—they impose a navigational sludge. The increased physical effort required to retrieve necessary items guarantees that the consumer must navigate the store's broader choice architecture, maximizing their exposure to impulse-driven nudges along the journey.

## Conclusion

The physical retail environment functions as a highly calibrated behavioral apparatus. Empirical data consistently confirms that consumer selection is rarely a purely rational calculation of price, need, and brand preference. Instead, choice is heavily moderated by the macro-spatial architecture of the store, the vertical positioning of inventory on the shelf, and the strategic deployment of disruptive secondary displays. 

Whether operating through the subconscious pull of the 15-inch sub-eye-level sweet spot, the engineered urgency induced by a freestanding dump bin, or the dynamic, targeted engagement of a digital endcap, retailers actively construct the visual and physical pathways of consumption. Ultimately, the most powerful lever in this architectural framework is the modulation of effort. By systematically reducing physical and cognitive friction for high-margin goods, and erecting deliberate navigational sludges around routine replenishment behaviors, physical retailers consistently steer consumer choice to optimize financial outcomes.

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63. [medium.com](https://medium.com/uxd-critical-software/understanding-the-f-shaped-and-z-shaped-reading-patterns-for-optimal-usability-in-complex-systems-e96668839abd)
64. [uxdesign.cc](https://uxdesign.cc/viewing-patterns-the-subconscious-psychology-of-the-eye-8b8b8522f753)
66. [nngroup.com](https://www.nngroup.com/articles/text-scanning-patterns-eyetracking/)
68. [retailconnection.dstewart.com](https://retailconnection.dstewart.com/2026/03/25/the-3-most-effective-displays/)
72. [ijlrp.com](https://www.ijlrp.com/papers/2024/12/1644.pdf)
74. [rdabltd.co.uk](https://rdabltd.co.uk/the-impact-of-store-layout-on-shopping-behavior-a-comparative-study/)
75. [drglobal.com](https://www.drglobal.com/insights/dynamics-2024-retail-design-and-installation-insights/)
76. [franconnect.com](https://www.franconnect.com/en/store-layout-types/)
77. [edepot.wur.nl](https://edepot.wur.nl/407641)
79. [productivityteam.com](https://productivityteam.com/2023/04/the-importance-of-aisle-width-in-supermarket-design/)
81. [eradisplaysolutions.com](https://www.eradisplaysolutions.com/supermarket-rack-layout-design/)
82. [mdpi.com](https://www.mdpi.com/1995-8692/19/2/30)
83. [pure.au.dk](https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/400465006/beyond_the_gaze.pdf)
85. [driveresearch.com](https://www.driveresearch.com/market-research-company-blog/eye-tracking-market-research-how-to-execute-a-successful-shelf-testing-study/)
86. [econstor.eu](https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/302752/1/10.2478_ngoe-2024-0006.pdf)

**Sources:**
1. [ijlrp.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEp29FFHNeBpO4nv7yWeyILldXnIUVRGWNw1QDsm04w-eoL-Ytdszb_tW1JR_jn9ZTvcOXV5NiC1tWV0lwUv7xNENxh5F4DHOKjZFsMJTarw0w1piSqEs-wSLI2_0xAjpsOGKs=)
2. [franconnect.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEjmV7m3g5JHg8TVq_U8uFaQfKxUoJc5igRj2tnMb62imVzErX9rrIh2aYATe3snFn1TTTtAhKa6j55LHJEyRrv53fjYrI5sepxWaAJcMqhmjbLMGsRyOXOiIbkRJjRSv7vrcICMlvaNQ==)
3. [wur.nl](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQF5jhzCojGK6r_WRaBH4VF5YjOzE3L-Do7n5sMlNEEH0c9z7GmT7rjUwVVIDy6Oj-i6955adwKfMr9tpHHt7DuhbVRw9nPjC_kGfa6Wle5aN4iz)
4. [rdabltd.co.uk](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHUxXjZJN2_QRiXKOoWR67St_kCd5NSHH-c9Q812t-3tAud4W19sIVPV5NxH1VJmprTvRlQa0wM1Yf4ulwOzWPR1sAbuZnRQrNmN233g7uOq-AMYCwqJE9TZarJDO0dxKhexZlTQEsdB20FyoU3DlQDmX2nqXuVujw_j5_krNfHxIS_0eCJOcQKWIMKSSajvDw=)
5. [productivityteam.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQE3fDO1TSSHFHQ13IMifD59LRPkMHApwVA-Age6qIOmMFhDwTmjXT5sm-MjFY8PMIstoVxmesNfuaJrFc65Vcu6H7HS7oC_wOqbdvcjdE6Q_r9fxcWwiZ-FJvPm7dl_Fa4sENyz8meTgd275AUD7xYZmugP9bFIy4tBeT5yXK1TFLw27In9JgyWhppDeMUoAg==)
6. [eradisplaysolutions.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFx4wQ-LEdcrAGTdZqFP-DJhzZ6eF_S80U6xO84vVA5ws1u0lPOntBjpN7pcQ_xK6sUB76kHV09A_6IfO8ntRwt2rQ0KeLV04TPrm_wMXxjwD8Qoh5Cwogu_vuRyMdNHgfv305Qil9D6tO1NqBFp7NczdAZh7eymRqz)
7. [drglobal.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQE8t7LkLtKRQbD0Taaxod3xUtu-17eZiz31KbYvV4upeaR-7KP8rlivm2sYVlmpQ24MY4KcCppDx5NHT8IY4gYZemuEVeZJpajwX-sUs-GXXzXHTy-vpQ8lZr8pcnuwddtB3k3EWe7i9JMl7qKtkzPTlczpecTLJ-jip8jMIN2v45d_X1F2xtPlvztS8N62)
8. [mckinsey.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHOO3kh_El-j9pPy9vFNnLkYBGdWBr4XGjvIQUBCObBqZ6OnlyWSIqhXnNeXfX8wCIEdTjGEziNrSTBXwzT-O6eesvWz6hlo0nWnDyGuMNp-lZFxFVKsM_atNsi3IcMXf0BX1L4qGcZJZLMZcjW8lp-PFShGrHahSQKpAiVNRbwiPaxt67ilrad4TPL0e2R-oJPJ0LNU42Qp1zd4AB6wnw=)
9. [retail-week.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEDwsmON4fOJzthWbnNOCWlsH1Rv4wrcpK9PTi3Gb_rX1Lx-smL8BA1Rm7arnNYFQ6SHqz2e1dwTgAeu_6TbJbJy08gh6KI0AHOPSszKMTDIMi-fMbJfC3KOeaVgh6jULXRGL4Z3SArEBWwSQoTa-j5Bw_q6dFJ9SminA6nZ2DWjxXTwxejOXnsmndsKBntHVyqMsHYJJX2O9GCK0OYhGWg6eisq1JUqwXmJmA=)
10. [chinadaily.com.cn](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEfcv7VetdJ3t-Ried2Sx23jYm8VWk1Hq9JqzNNEUH5VKwiHemP-6fXhI2-WpGIkdxRZ550DGOqcJSwe9Qgk8Bg2M44_fSmodqR-RM0lxq7UU5NErEv-LGEA1F_oWL_HIagYcwXjIAWMZyxeO67iT-LYn5OWZUNYbXS5k3H3J0C)
11. [vmspace.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGnw5Gh7dUIlRGTBTrClPBJ2p-l4aONut0UAm2IOm6q4ODXw2QtqBhMIFnDFRdOq42rM5MC2jm0ykND-FNm-UUNreEOZADkQmKSDR6vgBga43xZ1mBgyJ6dKD6HxMzVvxr3mq3ieiQpb3tUokAmKQ25s8KHYVC1fA==)
12. [benoy.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGU3olCgdVzb22Lo7Ei5Oechur3nJcu6y-t4xZe36a2G94cIvPWS1_UcQxYbFqcGbOryFVmMSFxlhfDy7urk6VuXf5fCp_HEw0NUBEo90T_mDsQA5fDXfYLShu1xVvP_UXFbKxTY1sfkPN-Yp_4Inlpo_QFFuc3699JQGYMlpub1ApNpDo-s-HukAh-a_PRotOegfZXcIw98xtPdq8Z_kq7vcTMFAM=)
13. [aeonmall.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFEKCr8k6PgB0L8agmNVg8KzZ8J23aN0a4eDeJTDDllNd5TdbiluwdHYfKXzFlJGHtk0dWEe85fuYePgRRN_kaw3hZ9t-mn8Otsf91_Sm5ycNLPYLQOZYuFXhhnVpvK1Elvw_IzEd_78i01C2UBAOunHasEbYLh38IJakWgs5lCyoHY7UgKMrQMVHXJOuXzFobGn-dR)
14. [donracks.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGOG1LS7-h8bRSbmU8G_8pWqxEMoh6j_Jol1lhRkauFUTK_S-xU5N6DlgIwhlqDiX1fJrSzdcWcwvtix-_u_9qLEbRoNhGnH49cUgBf6YyejuQpDk2XA451J5d2_pw4zQUAtQ_MBJ7NGDU83qMsFw7nMIe5UkK-aTLq4w2ZhA==)
15. [scispace.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEFY-rW5vQspGKyMqfdms3v46HW35LA_hv5sFvK19h2dcADwXtOWTjtdxJi0YQwIKhYfqs6FB3ORQg4bOMR33A_7teJ5uhTrf0lZDSGN6DlH00qq7HJ4Zx2FwfVF5wsiDMRYiQIc3aFswkYcsVO4j-gIoV9Wf1_l0odsbeunLm2Mo9ukROO6BBJ)
16. [publisherspanel.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEap4xRL9vI9FDEv-hHsCtkgDhwmUyHhcS6Tlw6xMk_NgqeiC3C8Hxv60UG6XuQZvrnVD_a1LV4S8NTEIjLXYmwTibpJtFyaPUBeo3uSZNjarC5JsR1H7zUJbm24qwxlOrQ15ifgLotHVI=)
17. [insead.edu](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHnR1vmykuMWa1Ueac0p3lpRgCSS0o4cnMHklJwoUpFq4c1SQgCuVOvFIJgRkShhzzQDuMXS_chJMB_ecM2xDEOZ9CMlEH8vi0ewUjr8ijcupiatDfQz-l8qHRncgvMHxjT5VR4YyU-7Ybf8cpChfLTyGzBxrU=)
18. [traxretail.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGFRwwpPQrpirK95tKwp73P0hqECligLP0DG7fp-sdf-MYckTaY4yl90BvvNGcy_2qhfbHguWy02GE82lBYFQM38epYv2KpCNckV3tafmG1Jv_ppd5Vdh1eouBKuAMVJOOxYA6AwVHlT4yRrXEV1bEo)
19. [thepacker.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGAId5_W_kqjmnGYI6HVLdz-ai8cettBZiuUG5w7_64i-4UOLZwmySFp2UAfGdB4AlrwSRSBkytpz_e2uPK_6jPeTUFN3Sggbjc344rZaX3KtkvTFOE5GzUkvTcE_4sQHiKuqNJLfdiAi7_Y9kaoyX0kz8zngl9NBbhzWUomrrGelUoEmUfTTRIjTBAoRGEML_EG7Ao)
20. [mdpi.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFCyFqXLUBHI46L0vkfEdu6k-4hGYjW8yWtGfLLzc53Kz2bEHLt-nNZcILX3qKWJlR_8X0OK7W8ZFYbX91YOZHYBQH3SsI5EoPW3UF6RXQKD2jYJoB7C9E39v7POQ==)
21. [au.dk](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFZMEDA_gXQbaHaAhrwEJp2hkNpzVUJAyJcw-uwGNsSYvAZ-MNeDLKITrv7wzTqfYzlh9uaIdISQ879UWpZu3q68bvXQ_Y6Fyqddy5w-cfJLjRHmE6dmZ9aX-e_gy_uKniRotRZm5BZd9YehImJUBI=)
22. [driveresearch.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGn_EQldTffKo48S_QwqbeFJDHRjdSr8Ul8fkISZLwqW_IbIqlCpMyCi0BGCH0gGo5e1xBcGQDXGX4bIiMDUMANwiOrXUZ5ZP2fKcWogxSHb3UR8PfsB6yhiiNB3_eQqkaQPymfoe7wPyyZLxDmrYYUhtpyr31Y_dSASzTPqoXPMV_W8V3mAh9OiP_CBBI3gh9CGEwQ6XmEWJtGb_AaQq4zRS7BXRUe9v_YmMMpUaouMlM2RxyVPOWniNbbHa16oA==)
23. [econstor.eu](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGslfZoFJ-UVXl4l6vPWTu81gdfhto0vHLhuCV-nmBnem7pCNvatyHcypSDYmYQK_W1TjBWlzW7e-E2D6dDEvKRXkdo1C-0lCtLEdENiYzqiPD82qkkfGPi-_9W_FxR4EAjjO4RCfb76jzqIQ8C1g_W7tDTT3wSWSo7ZcwAH5OwnCM=)
24. [amazonaws.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGV60zVC3Y4HcUQVAvQLXxsmgI2egWIwHHNauDLKfY7acx2hl9Bv-iTFZIL4j39pSbeqRoPLQVrnlXTdAIc3t1tDUvFxvHz-Xw4ndOzo9IZnzLMV2Wu5HUYemb8KyHyIJZMeMdOxdYi9swm2UPzTnFAfYhmRp-xhkLAYHwpVg==)
25. [fediverse.blog](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQG_oJvuHeWszhKO1crBtlNUlOyVJ08-QFNHFyhVmScNRElOFqrx8uQIulCZynQFMpuoqHz6yakbmPr_TbMUG4gyX72ParMlachJQKnGlDPAYsajCjmnKMTirVhtCir0dFej50FQPhQ6ESb5ch4MQLImF2EMOoMNGgw4AMv5xtKKuS6fdZaYX6waI8qFL3N2hjWlhRX-wN3654AlhzXSwxq0QQFSu49Y)
26. [uxdesign.cc](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHbAdr9h348PpvVhgW2dEVj0niLtZSuc4_Q-ekub7kGeUb4HHd7NPy_p9t6EQgSPVHeI-Rhh0gD4fSfHZ9_oXLBPEmpRvP_GaA7Mg1b2AtGAJElIe1C2Mo6aZ0X8Z01krk6VO_igdwIyOf1wQ9U18_JYRKT-pjr3qwBzhibXOU5pdA7ipFE6F66CI3VWuqc)
27. [nngroup.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQE5E6M5eh30u9uuYIg26wEymZTGE7xnq4X_akdXEZya5yCYOUD09-EiepjbMG2EkbRS8FoAjGIndjFVCh2BU1UlsjeYdLzE4vBf2FpzN6e1COWUpJU622iEK-uIMBFvj3mRPaxeNgjOW0mS196qXcyRTBBV5Wl6mHpAYg==)
28. [medium.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHKx3uPx-DOoYwWIp7n_syQ0__PLj7llaW5sWO3w-Qediuhee3glzoiPmu-BotLb6_gJvtB7KYuHCymI6Cjm1L1yvpAkf-ybo6uKUozGZ4HTt5yzbbqx8GrI5so2wutWAHtbrHug8wVyY-R57XzeUR_OO0yRiEa88soUZdBrzqI3u8XfMwWCeTFsaXXGPr3EDbupqOvbBCL64Zp6gY-oPclIbbnVNcxNl06DthjefixEKdZgfipRktF_uz89rSBnhkVGkkds3Yg_xNskBZo_A==)
29. [oracle.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFNslCA518u756x21O9IjstxY9I7D06SEl8AfqJ4R-JB1X1g7GxGfy2iXtg32_JK7P7iz9y1isdulYJGvdseWDPVLGscKXpPOOJKu06FGuMDUTcMVEKO4wBKLfECoNmZB9VUImNIrPTwDusAm_VarDU-h9jcUNg1D8-RBoz0Q==)
30. [kinter.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFG35F3NgpU1Vn7hd9kTXFfBOXIpGy7Fh9JaOyJA1Z-nQgMxz2_vonKqPB-AtWb-CrXWXrpQraoOQNsltIF8ESTVLLZucrnKKgDx5gvcXmMUQ6gUVzGNil-Fo1ncqTZMzULwY90Nw==)
31. [siretail.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEW-ygdnJqxYKHlKLqTR8Rr6DaZo4E-xH16N5AWU0gYv4P9jdK8fFZ4WyfbDTkdNYQMd51yno7s5J2qNZHmBjSbO-bfXJJy1RjkTgpPW_2JsTfiRcsbk5rTYiXQVeXvpg4RDCTSimXzLzJ2YVBgkmo_M9KqQeIavJNeJv7KrZLM0NYFnAqU618buCtXZvEj)
32. [dstewart.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEK17igBnynkaIDVucu-2XM3jGPVLYAJxv8RqEfvy3KKzdzx40SRS9hSQf1V5PocZUbNHidQY4VxT8RU6_lSJJrfoLmV_r05xwUPq5GCy4EdhY62G6Vvi3KmSisw5P2-atDRDvRe1Ds_B0AGFgg5yL6pwIur60abv95z0ipvPjrxkYTQ_YR)
33. [creativedisplaysnow.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQG108_0FQeje_R-9cMz9N3zGdqSWH9mVTA8PRbR0UFx-ugHRhc01zWj-XLsh3AYROB3npgd-GED3HN04FjjRznufs1ClZe5wX48ED95lj2IAerf-4Wtw7n5BlNVA35_PUf5J_QdPkOeHwnPHkPsKApawzpapUb5im8raxmsWlrO)
34. [diformainstore.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFuwMWjDoU44rZZVo7dUGbXM7HS6jFbOuAWqth0cUnVb2SmVf6_n1VwtSnThoLNvY-sP9yfvcG4f4TFLv3h9bwPmmF_1EsYpiiNt7TcXwGpzmMux_BH40l8P1Ksxf4i87MuuCgbmLbe4bC2pvhqe5OjxXPaWwAugQ==)
35. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQF45Qdgwr6Qh-rkwerm5A8iesBI4HU6mj1DTCNytixDJTEc5qbbK37Y5pkjc_YyJgpzRMIBEe36SzGWP0aXv1lgAA1Tl3mjk7qDyRMB6G_JbiZkdnpXio2lKZLvPM-4TQuk6njhgonl0AOj3vWYlSNrZLY38huiuuPvUovC6k5a4bykQLuk5jqG3MtlBHKbRrpOFHaVlAstEMBUauEBgeyMD6xFZFdEpORpaJ9nw5Mktmg9zXs8)
36. [scubefixtures.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHlAkem-Q1l_2OQUiLeICliGaobNX6DmrVNJmWRRMgUsQrfRdwrUfrwnU19nNT2vuUuZz7QzxnI0D763Gvb12S24ICQ5rOojrCPq9iZnT5NiJa24PGqJNd0VeloVYEE6YkZkLJ5_Ipq17qSUyBV-OcvWD6L-il8wlrCUUljaA==)
37. [georgeandwilly.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHuM-zoFXXpHbK5pQwBP9kmoc5vxxWNvRQQIQLUY_Fqhx5OYVUzEmFt4Z4eJHqlEyggRb2QY76u5_11H_0lOUixFrCsJRXtglguU5x6a5q5BvhFIeWrHrld5ZK2V2ml4shGTFhGOKPJAIOXu4ayS1lx8ROWGqs2IfgrlnJtIFZwTOZvJYAotrF6H15YVuT8cfCFrckGcvxDcn4=)
38. [bay-cities.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGPiXU4R8FUJoCRnEwp8tVffOmdUVvpQ84vjptezRxwyg3UUSf_8PQ7FsfHwDItfV2UjSMHn_n66oyym_8w-HgY5pP0snZXVmAGkodXcrkmuPF1A33nDwVmja6-Baon22fkaezF-J7QRNhbCgtHfk4Hdt_6fIBOgf39VqYjfoYo7Qq_3t8vNitDyU5tBQSto-__pN3pAxdi18TiMsJkydzF03R9pAJNgw==)
39. [comscore.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHfiH4TjPA02pRAOD6pY8AwdpxaqobyiMHjF1q4uQal_CsdEdqvtuGD5JSZA_NTxpxa8dT15Vh5Pc4BQVjSl1ko0gdbPmtuGw4e7vlUSDBZhlw6mQvOtZ2NuFSdLYVDztXauGTCD5LmFvqagAnkpvcmJClfszCyIa6T0kN-0KCIiSuLkJ865sTHyQ-weJLby2vNfmMNVvmpg-TPN2w-PTl2xAs=)
40. [therobinreport.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGkf1ihn2j8SVe9Lnd-GLyxn66glHn6MZoVeVzxagr4QTdT9lOer1GnxpyDf6Xy0RJxOML3OqNuBeeVrf_Yovm0orfAUcv1RbybyDwe7HlNkFVyk6QiwmNsdeEFubwfxqsJIXus0NE-ktaQEwgx9AEM95s_RdTTya6yX6tAlJJYsTYqXwtj1Cc1bQ==)
41. [intuiface.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFIRJJfh_Su8SU7ZDmO2mIv4ZJEu3htNCDd0HdY_clxCT4NFLppjcE9Y7BQQSWLvTW7tnOQkd30pbwX0VXpmzu9sPZAil-Ab4XefWNpt78y1mPmRiJlpakMX89yySORyInQZ_lQQZUlRnmhJoJpmusDdIJrvgqYLRKk-x4NT9QZCLML)
42. [showcasesdirect.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEeX4K7sTQgEoY2dZXlNX-deEWR3N8wSMVPr8Sz5kHu-Mu3AShsvVGzV8HDJZiD8EW7Uv3LtyxO4qsLYNjl8G41azlBT6EQ5N8N0_gKd99zNiWz1ViBBiS3DoOrCIMWAoZMdXu2JT4nmHhzQlJUeQY15rS49CxGvr9EKr0AhWam5XrEzVoqRDXJtSvQ0enZt_uvi3E76uC_wAxCHuN3kVdMJqOksosOEZm8aoc8PHFIcJQbUrwjel9YenQYmYfAHJbzxAY2C8kh6lWvGJHiLwvY_cj7ZMF3IRZALsneRS4ARt8FXk0=)
43. [millsshelving.com.au](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHd4UCAkkDfzGKlhNUw5e02ZJ7Cf_8xXVpqaF-WrzsyBqLGnT2eS0dEDx32UHm36VILKcbcj5OSKYmwuwIbUVIS1oTsCCIbHpjlA0l1OX-wMaM1ozEQ9my0Pc83Lg6u8sBDTZXYNMDjMF_9W3C09qjWtjXa_c0SpFquTtfnKtykzRnGyTk0uLWmThVkIidkh0bE_E1Uw94aDXImwoLAHJQiQmortPhHAfFERyIYfmbyUBuMgQ==)
44. [researchgate.net](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHEHgOwac8G4lWj4LKQTmadkKjj5Hq7pxlX322RzGZPRkJZ5Sdyga8zNhl8YndmxkkrdCUQtBvR5cDZvgFdMWibAO3zT0u9gkuJpplxqx6B_M66mXh6lRKIilE55pqPiJ8X0cUPhe1l_r6qpCKMIVEowPZ39z0sgPffbIoPAnfSP5VrOnTp3iAkdxIym7uZL93ZHXJbywrYjOrRsRFMcA==)
45. [indeed.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGxWb1O_3Abb8Fv5a375G3QmsdcJF9fp-NYs2-DdD6mibuWTqDJODLW82n1pga6KTaJpQjLfS6xAt1qIzQXm11zd9xGZTW4Q0TU-jzKLQ2FDn4ehDmDwz78EyYQP7tTytpR7MXd79PwDaDS-8Ve1EnMZDIcGbXbKATECPeau854tMpkNaw7m5H-jQ==)
46. [repsly.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGQJFlJfy9cQY0SANIchVcer-scvzLDdhmJHsiZXAbSV-8jZPPSh32rF9Zv24RUrsUBPdnGAtu3Oe22KOEXwj7Evt8O8T0uNncZjFnEVfvfQMpEh7h9BWGj-aESdx2eCHdpaoJaj1-RJBjhFIJDWRV5RhfsXIcQTFNy06brEUr5yYsmXlkPHMIql_0Doluf2w==)
47. [medium.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGNyW9aQokAWgBNliGmIzTJlKHpTXeFDwemx_x2_XpAYYaYNIeZgUndjIZ6O7h1LBbyK3w_ryrQ8py9hOAGaGY3REg9m6w0jS4E4q-drYHrH3-Z6bLGFhGr13_whP74gOnWlP-ps_ORwklArthwsvb54F2vOxQ5znsQHZpdREdcFH2pa1IRDyhKv6rYQp_WapEjHw9dO5ZHI5wEiAnroma3_s1Pwcc=)
48. [doordash.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFwALDD8aBs6CvobHpjf-Q0HTbw7sD91HFiAKB5WLF-qSEm5i66QO3G51GFj2orbNBoh2cj3JS-iInysKLUNsKpjNRanxBZMqG6boiKgJCLkD8Ncpk2OwdWpgBQy1ukEClYg20aEO0fSz9yy93tYAVawbmVk2GGLZv1GRnb417brUhb77jlU-YuPD-cgg==)
49. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFZIuSNFgvzcrXa1Ji8LyK8rfpyCjKJjoOQzLJnTsZfpFwsS-Mf6M_AGCiQcDo7t38kqpySrw12nwYNbkONfOLy4vAo-RAHIjS4gwyS1K1namexKdwa3Sd0zPn-1Bis7NuyF5POBUDLNA==)
50. [royalsocietypublishing.org](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQH7LfiOTvuDT7tkGr3jgkTXrJVRdfWUq_dbBohdhvUklQFzBraBwZdHNU8hc3DbeXlnWJRwhTI6aQYlYe2Nl2uYWnv3LR5pBzDrj5KGXeHeAryrJuMZ-Ur6jroLc5FW84B5kNbnje6OyyYQCq9rrZG6RdFAKkMI8qPJKe79DbEeW7FvKx4BO_7nirBsbe-v4Xc5LrRR7W96M_-pztTdCojyokpIX1CJmmBs)
51. [thedecisionlab.com](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQH4yaFYs4ekb_9Zisq_nSa59TF4DEPNF9XGkFOQFqU3V39DntTo7THCGvgvu4Y7TSZ0AJBcmZ4kCVZZHdhijF8wjX5pIf_x54Kih1dN6tnLx4GnPT4tRdpf3ud7qTKQMyrKwT-7SSw0mIK4DkWfJMu8XhA=)
52. [cambridge.org](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHA_iLmrjsgSpit_N6h_xoqAj3LQd5L93bASWb2eO1iWyq9sVK8Kh0bZaI_WyB76vK9LXCA-2Wn_LwfEp0Sdi0Zel8boWAW843DUCLaM75Sv4AJ4Ve00XX1p-IEDmS00BHJ8PMIq8wzsq4iz4tvUAy57rrG2Fnnwvh_qvprjHEtqKs7JOlnZsynErClM2ZzJMt9doDsqrzGeltkBrK3gTncA7Wr1B4WxPGtpK2X9TH9A7T1PRqtUVMFWEmmJ_V5)
53. [nih.gov](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEs4HyJz2rKh6X6dt_ByzK63gg2Rk5Jb-sCw1l0_DxIpdURPNmHYU-AA26G5PnSnTKDHtpjNCuCkW7LqINazbfKoU_hd8FgKQUUv5UFqQfvPiKpklfvLCPxBdfL2jOMHg==)
54. [milbank.org](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFYZ_d8TjWlSyNSCE86tc6O_M8F16hBLAehn0k_NAjDeJxdRCgrusWQjkva2rB-1X-kDy0KaFdDUInJ-_m6aMVcMmMln1et0swUUDW90T6ZUaHVONluYNxeawSkIlf79T2HGPxOP3HkQ9QLvvxa4pREqg_OriMgfWNzktFPpfbBpfWKFigypQIlhlUA8yEu373Hqoyp0CWvC4KX3PDkvJjdYnSeSuFVPmMoA7k6X75V8zKDzawbs-5Q8wOFIFzYwvlgkqjXR2PKyDHcL55IjabB8o6YrhzC5tjahL3CZdR57_jsUQ==)
55. [osc.ca](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQF8sfWQF1RjMHyPNXxJyKfL7xMTwzMj2a6mV-JKi4z13bAyJYScWNVQVLa6rowjDQguOnQyi5CV-CAdcCRHSQFp8Qk5lhx9rQ0w34QJc7xk2kBAOmJjMELcykTnG0JyNzLw3Iuoxza-a8BXT810Luq_OkRyc_0lw8f00K6bwCPhSpoOYNHNI7srMnzrHA==)